Young Goodman Brown Symbolism Essays (1423 words) -

Young Goodman Brown Symbolism Nathaniel Hawthorne is a nineteenth-century American writer of the Romantic Movement. Hawthorne was born is Salem, Massachusetts, and this is the place he used as the setting for some of his works: such as ?The Scarlett Letter?, ?the Blithedale Romance? and ?Young Goodman Brown?. In writing, Hawthorne was known for his use of allegory and symbolism, which made his stories a joy for everyone to read. Hawthorne was said to be the first American writer who was conscious of the failure of modern man to realize his full capacity for moral growth. His stories contain much about the life he knew as a child being brought up in a Puritan society. As Hawthorne's writing continued it was filled with the same amount of sin and evil as his first writings. Evil that was revealed through his works. ?Young Goodman Brown? was said to be one of the best stories ever written by Hawthorne (Adams70). ?The Marble Faun: and ?the Scarlett Letter were some of the other stories written by Hawthorne, and they were said to be ?Young Goodman Brown? grown older. In this selection there is a question of maturity for Goodman Brown and whether he is good or evil. There is also a transition from childishness to adolescence to maturity. This short story in particular has a feeling of adultery, betrayal, and deception as in some of his other works. It was said by Richard P. Adams that ?young Goodman Brown? was a germ for nearly all his best work that followed (Adams 71). The use of symbolism in ?young Goodman Brown? shows that evil is everywhere, which becomes evident in the conclusion of this short story. Hawthorne's works are filled with symbolic elements and allegorical elements. ?Young Goodman Brown? deals mostly with conventional allegorical elements, such as Young Goodman Brown and Faith. In writing his short stories or novels he based their depiction of sin on the fact that he feels like his father and grandfather committed great sins. There are two main characters in this short story, Faith and Young Goodman Brown. ?Young Goodman Brown is everyman seventeenth-century New England the title as usual giving the clue. He is the son of the Old Adam, and recently wedded to Faith. We must note that every word is significant in the opening sentence: ?Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street of Sale, Village; but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young w2ife. ?She begs him to ?put off his journey until sunrise,' but he declares he cannot?. [It] should not escape us that she tries to stop him because she is a similar compulsion to go on a journey' herself-?She talks dreams, too, ?Young Goodman Brown reflects as he leaves her. The journey each must take alone, in dread, at night, is the journey away form home and the community from conscious, everyday social life, to the wilderness where the hidden self satisfies or forces us to realize its subconscious fears and prompting in sleep. We take that journey with him into the awful forest. Noting the difference between the town and the forest. We see Hawthorne using the Puritan association of trees and animals. When Young Goodman associates returns to Salem Village, his eyes are opened to the true nature of his fellowmen, that is human nature; he inescapably knows that what he suspected of himself is true of all men? Hawthorne has made a dramatic poem of the Calvinist experience in New England. The unfailing tact with which the experience is evoked subjectively in the more impressive concrete terms, is a subordinate proof of genius. I should prefer to stress the wonderful I control of local and total rhythm, which never falters of stackers, and rises from the quest but impressive opening to its poetic climax in the superb and moving finale. Hawthorne has imaginatively recreated for the reader that Calvinist sense of sin, that theory did in actuality shape the early social and spiritual history of New England. But in Hawthorne by a wonderful feat of translation, it has no religious significance; it is as a psychological state that it explored. Young Goodman Brown's faith in human beings, and losing it he is doomed to isolation forever (Peabody 331).? Young Goodman Brown is the main character and the protagonist, and Faith Brown, his wife is said to be one of the antagonists in this selection. Young Goodman Brown is a husband of three months and is still said

Software Engineering Essay

Software Engineering Essay Software Engineering Essay ORACLE ADF tutorial: Open a new application workspace. [pic] Change the application template to Web Application (Default).This allows us to specify the technology used in the application to simplify and personalize the environment according to the technology preferences. [pic] [pic] Open a Business Component diagram. [pic] [pic] Establish a connection to the Database and then select any two tables. In this case I have selected Departments and Employees tables. [pic] Drag and drop of database tables onto a UML diagram can be used to create different types of objects with the same user experience. [pic] This will generate the business component diagram with the relationships indicated in it. Select all and then right click. [pic] Now select Default Data Model Components which are business components that collect data and present it to the client. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Open page flow editor which allows you to visually and declaratively define the flow of application. This can also be done by right clicking on the ViewController. Drag and drop a Data Page from the component palette onto the screen. [pic] Double click on the DataPage1 and then select dataPage1.uix to open a new UIX page. [pic] [pic] Now open the data controls and double click on AppDataModuleControl and do the following steps. All previously created business services are exposed in the Data Control

Germany Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Germany Project - Essay Example Stories like Binjamin Wilkomirski's Fragments are accepted with no proof. In fact, to question a survivor story is to risk the case of being called anti-Semitic. Finkelstein has pointed out that today's society wants to be victims. Whether a Jew, African American, Native American, homosexual, woman, or other minority groups, people want to belong to a victim group. While Finkelstein did intensive research, his use of imagery and outlandish words make this story a little less credible. If he would have stuck to just the facts, Finkelstein might have gotten his point across better. Finkelstein points out that real history is being ignored in favor of an exaggerated glorified account that exploits the true Jewish suffering in the 'Nazi holocaust'. When first approaching this book, many readers might think Finkelstein is being anti-Semitic. However Finkelstein raises some good points. His main point is the Nazi holocaust happened. It is a historical event. The Nazis committed crimes agai nst humanity. Finkelstein acknowledges that the Nazi holocaust was wrong, but he wants the world to sympathize will all suffers not just the Jews of the Nazi holocaust. His point is war and atrocities have happened since the beginning of man and still occur. All of these atrocities are horrible; the Nazi holocaust is not any less horrible, but not more horrible than any other atrocity. By using the Holocaust as beacon to rally people to the Jewish cause dishonors the victims and survivors. He explains: The claims of Holocaust uniqueness are intellectually barren and morally discreditable, yet they persist. The question is, Why? In the first place, unique suffering confers unique entitlement. The unique evil of the Holocaust, according to Jacob Neusner, not only sets Jews apart from others, but also gives Jews a "claim upon those others." (Finkelstein 25) All human suffering should be sympathized with, not just the suffering during the Nazi holocaust. This is not to lessen or dismiss the Nazi holocaust, only to put it in proper perspective. Finkelstein suggests after World War II no one in America, or around the world cared about the Nazi holocaust. Some historians theorize that Jews did not want to talk or share about their horrible experience. Finkelstein dismisses this theory. He believes that no one wanted to know or think about it, especially in America. Finkelstein explains: The standard explanation is that Jews were traumatized by the Nazi holocaust and therefore repressed the memory of it. In fact, there is no evidence to support this conclusion. No doubt some survivors did not then or, for that matter, in later years want to speak about what had happened. Many others, however, very much wanted to speak and, once the occasion availed itself, wouldn't stop speaking. The problem was that Americans didn't want to listen. (Finkelstein 9) Even American Jews did not want to listen. After the war everyone wanted to forget about the atrocities of World War II. The Allies had won. It was a time for victory, not time to remember how many Jews had died. The Holocaust Industry began after the United States started backing Israel as part of US Foreign Policy. When Israel fought the War of Independence America cautiously backed the Arabs due to the oil in the region. It did not look like Israel would survive. However after Israel not only won, but doubled their land size, the US started

The management challenges posed by the emergence of e-commerce Essay

The management challenges posed by the emergence of e-commerce - Essay Example Some of the most common examples are as follows: online buying, selling or investing; share business; electronic marketplaces like www.amazon.com or online auctions like www.ebay.com; e-bookstores and e-grocers; web-based reservation systems and ticket purchasing; electronic data interchange or marketing email and message postings on web-logs; music and video downloads; online discussion boards and learning facilities; open source projects; online banking or the electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, etc. Today, as each one of us knows technology is breaking through geographical barriers and distance, integrating the whole world into an interconnected village. The term global village is a commonly used metaphor to describe the mass media particularly the Internet and World Wide Web. This is only possible because of the inter-connectivity which is brought about by e-commerce. The Internet globalises communication by providing opportunity to people from around the world to connect with each other. Likewise, web-connected computers enable people to link their web sites together (Answers.com, 2008). An innovative medium of Internet has connected the whole world very closely. A person in America writes a mail and in less than a minute it reaches to someone in China. Similarly chats and web cam has made it possible to see people on the other side of the world and talk as if you were sitting next to each other (Sanchania, 2005). It took only a few years for these technological innovations spread across the world. Anyone having access to internet can communicate, shop, and even use internet banking system. The new world of internet provides information on anything to anyone who has access to a computer and a telephone. People can see each other, chat and talk as if they are physically present. As far as communication and the dissemination of information is

Emergency department bottleneck proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency department bottleneck proposal - Essay Example The causes of the problem are two fold. The first is that the inflow of patients into the ED is not evenly spaced throughout the day and occurs as a rush during fours in the late evening and night. No plan can be created for changing the pattern of inflow of patients into the ED, as they occur as naturally. The second is that during the peak flow of patients into the ED, the services that are required to provide support for the ED in the provision of timely and quality care are functioning at their minimal ability, since they are in the after-hours mode. This is the cause that the sigma team to address in overcoming the problem. Practical barriers to receiving quality care in an ED is dependent on two key factors of access to service at the ED and the availability of the services required support services either in the ED or immediately accessible (Rust et al, 2008). Overcoming these barriers to quality service calls for consideration of the types of patients and the emergencies and the resources at the ED (Frush, 2007). The essential problem in quality care in an ED is the mismatch in the demand and supply of resources at the ED. From the perspective of the patient seamless provision of care from the time of arrival at the ED is the quality of service expected. The first step is this direction is preventing diversion of ambulances to the ED, which will reduce the overcrowding at the ED (Stokowski, 2007). The next step consists in organizing the ED into three separate areas to attend to areas to attend to medical problems, surgical problems and Urgent care area for triaging of patients. Staffing of the ED is the next issue. Since the ED peaks between 6.00 pm and 10.00 pm specialist services in the required different branches of medicine will be available. In addition the number of interns or residents at the ED will peak during this period of

Social Exchange Theory

Social Exchange Theory Social Exchange Theory is a perspective of the field of social psychology and sociology to explain social change and stability, representing them as a process of negotiated exchanges between people. Social exchange theory can be described as the theory, according to which, human interaction is a unique transaction, which seeks to increase the rewards and to reduce the costs. The social exchange theory advocates that all human relationships are formed by using a cost-benefit analysis and comparison with alternatives.ÂÂ  For example, when a person perceives the costs of a relationship over the profits made, the person, according to this theory, leaves the relationship.ÂÂ  This theory has its roots in economics, psychology and sociology. The social exchange theory is linked to the rational choice theory and structuralism, its major features. Exchange theory arose as a reaction to functionalism, which focused on the impact of a phenomenon on the system.ÂÂ  This is not a single theory, but rather the band theory, describing the social world as a system of exchanges of goods (tangible and intangible) between individuals and social groups.ÂÂ  Social exchange theorists see every interaction as a transaction something for something.ÂÂ  It is like a theory of individual self-interest.ÂÂ  If a person takes any action, it does so with the prospect of benefit for himself.ÂÂ  Often it is the intangible benefit, such as respect from others, obedience, satisfaction, etc. Social exchange theory is a theory in social science which states that there are elements in social relations without discipline, sacrifice, and benefits that affect each other. This theory explains how humans view their relationships with others in accordance with the assumption of human self is to: the balance between what is given to the relationship and what is excluded from that relationship. There is no unified sociology of exchange, but one can distinguish three main theoretical points of theories. Taking the example of the mutual exchange of between the bride and groom, so this could be either a civil contract between two different-actors to the mutual exclusive use of their bodies, or a mutually donated sacrament, by which ChristianityÂÂ  continues, or view as an institutional and thus pacification a driver or will form. Exchange of individuals.ÂÂ  Sociological theorists think consider the assumption that individuals always act when exchanged (individualistic, paired, antagonistic perspective).ÂÂ  No matter what they share in a particular case, there are always sociological social sanctions.ÂÂ  As positive sanctions, for example, congratulations or goods, but as negative there are insults or threats.ÂÂ  Often in the exchange theory only positive or ambivalent sanctions are treated, but include more general approaches and negative sanctions. In the distribution of conflict the actors face each other with conflicting interests. The one advantage is the other drawback: any one tried if it goes to positive sanctions, and spend as little as possible from the opponent to gain as much as possible.ÂÂ  In economics, this strategy, which it called only for positive sanctions (such as goods for money in markets), is the minimax principle.ÂÂ  And also, if people have antagonistic re lations and negative social sanctions (for example acts of violence against violence, such as in war) taken into account, the exchange ends here trying to minimize its losses and maximize the opponent. Considering the criticism, critical is pointed out that this is based on Homans and Blau, Exchange Theory as a variant or mutation of the behaviorism. It had become a rational choice model, and this methodological simplification was achieved at a price, as compared toÂÂ  classical and other approaches in sociology would be neglected by extra-economic motivations, norms and institutions and their history in general. Durkheim or Mauss expected to behave in exchange for all social collectives (community, systemic view).ÂÂ  Controlled by the exchange, the consideration to the group received the actors (mostly positive) from each other sanction.ÂÂ  The players share a common interest in the welfare of the collective, which is the individuals self-interest.ÂÂ  Each exchange includes the end and always a compromise in favor of the collective, even as a loyal member of a community and even with regard to his own advantage.ÂÂ  The Collective is always with a person, which is reflected in valid rituals (for example the handshake) or norms (such as the Commercial Law) that express stability.ÂÂ  Because of that, all exchange behavior is also spoken of as amphibole exchange. The theorist Clausen considers one of some forms of exchange that, in addition to the nature of man involves him into it with acting. Here, the parties conduct an exchange so that the survival of the human speci es will be encouraged to nature and other species.ÂÂ  So it is not only a sociological but also the anthropological institution.ÂÂ  This refers in particular to reproduction, child care and fighting prowess.ÂÂ  The most common example is the dyad between infant and caregiver time (usually, but not necessarily the mother), is expected to result that in the both the exchange is biologically supported and the happier they are, the better it is for others. Exchange theory by Homans. According to George Homans, the social behavior is an exchange of material goods, and it is also intangible, such as the symbols of approval and prestige. Homans, George tried to explain the behavior defined in the broadest sense as a result of interaction in which individuals acquire, sell, or share resources. He tried to explain social behavior using fundamental concepts of behavior, developed by behavioral psychologists, and neoclassical economists.ÂÂ  Behavioral model of operant conditioning is based on the utilitarian principle that individuals will seek to maximize enjoying and to avoid or minimize the pain.ÂÂ  It is assumed that individuals will respond as expected to reward and punishment.ÂÂ  Any interaction provides an opportunity to share resources, in which each party tries to get resources, with a higher value in comparison with that which he or she gives or which refuses. All social organizations were created on the basis of the network exchanges.ÂÂ  The organization needs the unit to be fulfilled by other bodies belonging to this organization.ÂÂ  Homans has developed five general provisions relating to social behavior and resource sharing.ÂÂ  Three of them reproduce the model of behavioral psychologists. The first statement directly follows from the model of operant conditioning, and says: In respect of any acts performed by people, the more often a person is rewarded for a particular action, the more that person will perform this action.ÂÂ  The second situation is linked to recognition of the role of past experience: In the past, the emergence of a particular stimulus or set of incentives has created a situation in which human action is rewarded, the more the present-day incentives are similar to those past stimuli, the more that person will perform the same or similar toÂÂ  his action in the present.ÂÂ  However, the third provision states that for their actions when a person does not receive the expected rewards or receive unexpected penalty, he goes berserk and can behave aggressively.He created a series of allegations, among them are the claim of success, the assertion of deprivation and that there is saturation of aggression. These statements are a part of seven and, according to crowning this list is the assertion of rationality, which says that the body of the two alternative measures will choose the one which gives the most likely results to achieve greater benefits. The basic proposition is: success: the more action the individual is rewarded with, the more likely it is to take this action. the stimulus: if the past occurrence of a specific stimulus or combination of stimuli was a circumstance, in which individual action has been rewarded, the more likely it is that the unit would take this or a similar effect. value: the more the action is for the individual securities, the more likely that it will be demonstrated this action. -saturation of deprivation: the more frequently in the recent past, the unit received a particular prize, the less valuable it becomes for each additional unit of the award. frustration-aggression: If the unit does not bring action to obtain a reward or punishment received by the entity, which they did not expect, it will react with anger, and anger aggressive behavior results will have a reward value. Exchange Theory by Peter Blau. Peter Blau introduced the analysis of exchange, which processes the term marginal utility, which says that the more the expected rewards entity obtains from a particular act, the less valuable this action is, and the less likely it will be.ÂÂ  The idea is that if in a result of the exercise we get some action on the awards, you will have less value, which will be a new round of the award.ÂÂ  Another concept introduced by Blau is the concept of standards for fair exchange, which indicates what should be the ratio of rewards to costs in the exchange relationship.ÂÂ  If these standards are shaken, then the injured party may disclose to aggressive behavior. Blau concept differs from the concept of Homans that provides conflict situations. Balance in one relationship, which is impaired by homeostasis seen in another.ÂÂ  Blau has another concept, which is social attraction that is the perception of opportunities for reward.ÂÂ  This is according to sociologist factor, necessary for the existence of the exchange ratio, which is based on the belief that people who give awards, in turn, you will receive the award as payment for the goods delivered.ÂÂ  There are four types (classes): the prize money, social acceptance, respect (deference) and submission.ÂÂ  Of these, the greatest value is the submission, then the respect, acceptance, and the least appropriate reward in the relations of social exchange is money. Submission is the most valuable prize because for Blau it is inherent in the relationship of power, and this in turn gives a possibility of denying rewards to those who do not want to comply with the standards.ÂÂ  Power is born when the value of services exceeds the value of services received in return.ÂÂ  If people have to choose only one or a few alternative sources of awards, then it also comes to forcing submission.ÂÂ  This is further facilitated if people are not giving to the possibility to use the coercion and opposition to a person providing services.ÂÂ  Inability to work around without data prizes also affects positively the opportunity to force the submission by the person in possession of these awards. Exchange in social psychology. Social psychology also speaks about human relations as relations of exchange. These systems are based on the so-called rule of reciprocity, under which we are committed to the future for favors, gifts, invitations and the goods that we have received.ÂÂ  According to social psychologists one of the important principles is governing the human investigation.ÂÂ  This commitment to the rematch probably exists in all human societies.ÂÂ  Researchers say that this rule has developed in order to encourage people to contact, based on mutual exchange of services without fear of giving something to another, and we lose it forever.ÂÂ  Another form of this rule is called reciprocal concessions, namely: if someone goes to hand us, we do it to him, too.ÂÂ  Thus we can safely take the first step to someone, as he will be obliged to give us a similar sacrifice.ÂÂ  This rule is valid according to social psychologists and it is an effective r egulator of social relations. The emergence of social exchange theory. In general, the social exchange theory consists of social relations rather than public. The societies have viewed the behavior influence of each other in the relationship; there are also elements of discipline, of sacrifice and gain that reflect social exchange.ÂÂ  The reward is all that through the sacrifice, when the sacrifice can be avoided, and the benefit is reduced by the rewards of sacrifice.ÂÂ  So the social behavior of the exchange at least between two people is based on the cost-benefit calculations.ÂÂ  For example, patterns of behavior in the workplace, romance, marriage and friendship. Analogy from the case, at some point people can feel in any of their friends, who, usually, are always trying to get something from you.ÂÂ  At that time you always give what a friend needs from you, but the opposite is actually happening when you need something from your friends.ÂÂ  Each individual course has a goal to be fri ends with each other.ÂÂ  These individuals would be expected to do something for others, help each other if needed, and provide mutual support.ÂÂ  However, maintaining friendly relations also requires the costs, such as the lost time and energy and other activities.ÂÂ  Although these costs are not seen as something that is expensive or burdensome when viewed from the point of reward obtained from these friendships.ÂÂ  However, these costs should be considered if we are to objectively analyze the relationships that exist in a friendly transaction.ÂÂ  If the cost seems not in accordance with the compensation, what happens is the uneasy feeling of a person who feels that the benefits received were too low compared to the cost or sacrifice that has been given. An analysis of the social relationships that occur according to the cost and reward is one characteristic of the exchange theory.ÂÂ  This exchange theory has focused on micro-level analysis, particularly at the interpersonal level of social reality.ÂÂ  In this discussion the focus will be on the notion of exchange theory by Homans and Blau.ÂÂ  Homans in his analysis insisted on the necessity to use the principles of individual psychology to explain social behavior rather than merely describing it. But Blau, on the other hand, was trying to move from the level of interpersonal exchanges at the micro level to the macro level of social structure.ÂÂ  He attempted to show how larger are the social structures that emerged from the basic exchange processes. Unlike the analysis described by the theory of symbolic interaction, exchange theory was mainly seen as the real behavior, not the processes that are purely subjective.ÂÂ  This was also adopted by Homans and Blau, who were not focused on the subjective level of consciousness or reciprocal relationships between the levels of dynamic interaction of subjective.ÂÂ  Homans further argued that scientific explanations should be focused on real behavior and then can be observed and measured empirically. The process of social exchange has also been expressed by the classical sociologists.ÂÂ  As expressed in the classical economic theory of the 18th and 19th century, the economists like Adam Smith have analyzed the economic market as a result of a comprehensive collection from a number of individual economic transactions.ÂÂ  He assumes that transactions will happen only if both parties can gain from these exchanges, and welfare of the community in general can be very well s ecured when the individuals are left to pursue personal interests through negotiated exchanges in private. Conflicts of individualistic and social exchange in collectivism. Conflict that occurs is a result of the growing contradiction between the individualistic orientation and collectivism.ÂÂ  Homans is probably someone who was very stressed on an individualistic approach to the development of social theory.ÂÂ  This is certainly different from the explanation that the Levi-Strauss, a collectivist, in issues especially regarding to marriage and kinship patterns. Levi-Strauss is an anthropologist who comes from France. He developed a theoretical perspective of social exchange on the practice of marriage and kinship system of primitive societies. A general pattern of analysis is when a man marries his mothers daughter.ÂÂ  A pattern that happens is that people rarely marry the daughter of his fathers brother. This latter pattern was analyzed further by Bronislaw Malinowski, who advanced by the exchange of nonmaterial. In explaining this, Levi-Strauss distinguishes two exchange systems, which include restricted and generalized exchange.ÂÂ  In restricted exchange, members of the dyad groups are directly involved in the exchange transaction, each member of the couple give each other a personal basis.ÂÂ  And in the generalized exchange, members of a group of triads or even larger accept something other than a dyad who gives something useful. In these exchanges the impact is on the integration and solidarity groups are inÂÂ  a more effective manner.ÂÂ  The main purpose of this exchange process is not to allow couples who are involved in an exchange to meet the needs of individualization. An analysis of marriage and kinship behavior is a criticism of Sir James Frazers explanation of a British expert who studies the economic anthropology on patterns of exchange that occurs between mating pairs in primitive society. The theory of exchange today does not represent a single school of thought.ÂÂ  Strictly speaking, there are several theories that share a common position that human interaction is a process of exchange.ÂÂ  In addition, each of them has their own views on human nature, society and social science. Theories of exchange have been and still are often criticized for the lack of freshness, the evidence of certain statements, ignoring the existence of a forced situation.ÂÂ  Most can be found with the view that this point of view narrows the social life and relations between people only to the physical assets. As a fact, social forms of exchange are perceived differently and communicated, as a sociological and anthropological analysis would be expected to.ÂÂ  As the question of justice, including equivalence of an exchange is directed according to dominant values, or it is judged differently from the representatives of warring values. Social exchange theory Social exchange theory Main dependent factor(s): Value and utility: profit, rewards, approval, status, reputation, flexibility, and trust Main independent factor(s): Exchange relation, dependency, and power Summary of theory Social exchange theory was formed by the intersection of economics, psychology and sociology. The theory was developed to understand the social behaviour of humans in economic undertakings, according to the theorys initiator Hormans (1958). There is a fundamental difference between the two the theories: economic exchange and social exchange theories, which is the way in which the actors are seen. Exchange theory views actors (persons or a firm) as dealing not with another actor but with a market (Emerson, 1987, P.11), reacting to various market characteristics; while social exchange theory sees the exchange relationship between specific actors as actions contingent on rewarding reactions from others. (Blau, 1964, P.91) Nowadays, various forms of social exchange theory exist, but all of them possess the same driving force which essentially is the same central concept of actors exchanging resources via a social exchange relationship. Where social exchange (e.g., Ax; By) is the intentional transfer of resources (x, y ) between several actors (A, B) (Cook, 1977). A network model (Cook, 1977) with market properties (Emerson, 1987) is the evolved form of the theory which previously was a dyadic model. The core of the theory is best captured in Homanss own words (1958, P.606) Social behaviour is an exchange of goods, material goods but also non-material ones, such as the symbols of approval or prestige. Persons that give much to others try to get much from them, and persons that get much from others are under pressure to give much to them. This process of influence tends to work out at equilibrium to a balance in the exchanges. For a person in an exchange, what he gives may be a cost to him, just as what he gets may be a reward, and his behaviour changes less as the difference of the two, profit, tends to a maximum.In conclusion, social exchange theory is best understood as a framework for explicating movement of resources, in imperfect market conditions, between dyads or a network via a social process (Emerson, 1987). Agency Theory or Principal-Agent Problem Key dependent factor(s) Efficiency, alignment of interests, risk sharing, successful contracting Key independent factor(s) Information asymmetry, contract, moral hazard, trust Summary of Theory In economics, the principal-agent dilemma treats the technical hitches that come up under conditions of unfinished and asymmetric information when a principal hires an agent. A variety of mechanisms could possibly be used in an attempt to align the interests of the agent with those of the principal, for instance piece rates/commissions, profit sharing, efficiency wages, the agent posting a bond, or fear of firing. The principal-agent problem is seen in the majority of employer/employee relationships. Agency theory is focussed at the ever-present agency relationship, which basically is: one party (the principal) entrusts work to another (the agent), who carries out that work. The resolution of the two problems in an agency relationship that can occur is the primary concern of agency theory. Firstly, is the agency problem which surfaces when (a) the desires or goals of the principal and agent conflict and (b) its difficult or expensive for the principal to authenticate what the agent is actually doing. The predicament here is the principal cant confirm that the agent has behaved fittingly. Secondly, is the problem of risk sharing that arises when the principal and agent have dissimilar attitudes towards the risk. The problem at this point is that the principal and the agent may fancy different actions since they have different risk preferences. Relationship between theory and Information Systems Agency theory sees the firm as a nexus of contracts amongst interested individuals. The owner employs agents (employees) to execute work on his/her behalf and delegates some decision-making power to the agents. Agents must be under constant supervision and management; this stems the introduction of management costs. As firms grow consequently management costs rise. Information technology minimises agency costs by providing information without difficulty so that managers can oversee a larger number of people with fewer resources. Simply, technological changes support the agency theory, which enables managers to supervise more employees at a reduced cost. Technology in general, and information systems particularly, save companies lots of money by reducing the number of managers needed to oversee larger numbers of workers. Transaction Cost Theory or Transaction cost economics Main dependent factor(s) Governance structure, degree of outsourcing, outsourcing success, inter-organizational coordination and collaboration Main independent factor(s) Coordination costs, transaction risk (opportunity costs), coordination costs, operational risk, opportunism risk, asset specificity, uncertainty, trust Summary of Theory In the field of economics and its related disciplines, a transaction cost is a cost incurred while making an economic exchange. A variety of transaction costs exist, for instance, search and information costs are the costs incurred in determining if a required good is available on the market, who has the lowest price, etc The costs required to achieve a satisfactory agreement with the other party to the transaction, drawing up an suitable contract, etc., is known as the bargaining cost. Policing and enforcement costs are costs that make sure the other party abide the terms of the contract, and taking appropriate action (regularly through the legal system) if this turns out not to be the case. Transaction costs consist of costs incurred in the process of looking for the best supplier/partner/customer, the cost of drawing-up a supposedly air-tight contract, and the costs of monitoring and enforcing the carrying out of the contract. Transaction cost theorists state that the total cost incurred by a firm can be grouped basically into two components: transaction costs and production costs. Transaction costs, which are often referred to as coordination costs, are the costs of all the information processing necessary to coordinate the work of people and machines that perform the primary processes, whereas production costs comprise the costs incurred from the physical or other primary processes necessary to create and distribute the goods or services being produced. Relationship between theory and Information Systems Transaction cost theory is based on the notion that a firm incurs transaction costs when the firm buys on the marketplace in comparison to making products for itself. Traditionally, in an attempt to reduce transaction costs firms wouldve gotten bigger, hired more employees, integrated vertically and horizontally, and wouldve taken over small-company. IT helps firms reduce the cost of market participation (transaction costs) and helps firms minimise their size while producing the same or even greater amount of output. In simplified terms, transaction cost theory supports the idea that assistance or through the help of technology businesses can minimize their costs of processing transactions with the same emphasis and enthusiasm that they attempt to minimize their production costs. Frameworks Traditionally, the Chief Information Officer (CIO)s job description entailed ensuring that the Business Strategy and Information Systems strategy were aligned. Successful information technology/business alignment, however, entails more than executive level communication and strategy translation. Achieving alignment is usually done by establishing a set of well-planned process improvement programs that systematically tackle obstacles and go further than executive level conversation to filter through the entire IT organization and their culture. IT/Business Alignment Cycle A generally used methodology is the IT/Business Alignment Cycle, which introduces a straightforward framework that the IT organization can take on to manage a broad range of activities. The cycles four phases are: plan, model, manage, and measure. Organization-wide shared expectations between business and IT managers are fostered utilizing this cycle, and a universal framework is defined for a wide-range of activities that jointly serve to align IT and business objectives. Within the cycle the best practices and common processes within and between IT functional groups are identified which makes IT/business alignment sustainable and scalable. When integrated and automated with software applications and monitoring tools the framework functions optimally. Plan Phase: In this phase business objectives are translated into quantifiable IT services. This phase aids in closing the gap between what business managers need and expect and what IT can deliver. Giga Research reports that IT leaders in poorly aligned organizations are still trying to elucidate technology management issues to their business colleagues and havent made that leap to comprehending business issues and communicating with them on a business-minded level. To bridge the gap between what business expects and what IT can deliver, IT must have an ongoing dialogue to elucidate business needs in business terms. Without any ongoing dialogue, its difficult for IT to determine which IT services to offer or how to efficiently allot IT resources to maximize business value. Also, when business needs change, IT ought to adjust and modify the service offering and IT resources fittingly. CIOs should consent the use of a regimented service level management process that will lead to agreement on precise IT services and service levels required to support business objectives. IT management can then translate service definitions and service levels into fundamental rules and priorities that empower and guide IT resources. Lastly, IT needs a method to measure and track both business level services and the underlying capabilities that support the services. Model Phase: An infrastructure should be designed to optimize business value. The model phase pinpoints resources needed to deliver IT services at dedicated service levels. This phase involves mapping IT assets, processes, and resources back to IT services, then prioritizing and planning resources that support those business critical services. The bottom line in measuring the triumph of an alignment is the extent in which IT is working on the things which business managers care about. This implies that IT must have processes in place for prioritizing projects, tasks, and support. To effectively prioritize resources, IT needs a service impact model and a centralized configuration and asset management repository to connect the infrastructure components back to particular IT services. This amalgamation is vital if IT is to efficiently plan, prioritize, and constantly deliver services at agreed-upon service levels while also minimising costs. Manage Phase: Results should be driven through fused service support. The manage phase permits the IT staff to deliver pledged levels of service. Assurance from the CIO that the organization meets expectations by providing a single location for business users to submit all service requests and by prioritizing those requests based on pre-defined business precedence. Without a single point-of-service request, it isnt easy to manage resources to achieve agreed-upon service levels. Furthermore, lacking a system for effectively managing the IT infrastructure and all changes, the IT staff is faced with the danger of causing failures. In order for the IT staff to ensure the effectiveness of the service desk they need to provide: A technique for prioritizing service requests based on business impact. A well-organized change management process to reduce the risk of negatively affecting service level commitments. An IT event management system to monitor and manage components that support business critical services. The basic operational metrics that enable service delivery at promised levels, in addition to the means for measuring and tracking the advancement of service level commitments using these metrics. Measure Phase: Involves the verification of commitments coupled with improvement of operations. Cross-organization visibility into operations and service level commitments is improved in this phase. Conventional IT management tools operate in functional silos which confines data collection and operational metrics to focused areas of functionality, relating more to technology than to business objectives. Component-level metrics and measures are definitely essential for continuing service availability. Nevertheless, to support real-time resource allotment decisions, these measures must be construed in a broader business context, with the inclusion of their connections to business-critical services. Without a business context for construing measures and metrics, isolated functional groups cant get a holistic view of IT services that sustain business objectives. By committing to the cycle and integrating and automating activities using software solutions, its possible to align a whole organization to make logical improvements that prevail over obstacles. Competitive Forces Model Porters competitive forces and strategies is one of the popular and effective models for formulating a strategy. After studying a number of business organizations, Michael E. Porter proposed that mangers can formulate a strategy that makes an organization achieve a higher level of profitability and reduce vulnerability if they understand five forces in the industry environment. Porter found the following forces determine a companys position vis-ÃÆ'Â  -vis competitors in the industry: The rivalry among existing competitors The threat of new entrants The threat of substitute products and services The bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of suppliers Porters framework (competitive forces model) has long been acknowledged as a valuable tool for business people to utilize when thinking about business strategy and the impact of IT. Porters framework illustrates why some firms do better than others and how they gain competitive advantage. It also analyzes a business and identifies its strategic advantages, as well as, demonstrating how entrepreneurs can develop strategic advantages for their own business. And lastly, it shows information systems contribute to strategic advantages. The threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants to an industry can create pressure for established organizations, which might need to hold down prices of increase their level of investment. The threat of entry from in an industry depends largely on the amount and extent of potential barriers, such as cost. The power of suppliers: Large, powerful suppliers can charge higher prices, limit services of quality, and shift costs to their customers, keeping more of the value for themselves. The concentration of suppliers and availability of substitute suppliers are significant factors in determining supplier power. The power of buyers: Powerful customers, the flip side of powerful suppliers, can force prices down, demand better quality or services, and hence drive up costs for the supplying organization. The threat of substitutes: The power of alternatives and substitutes for a companys product or service maybe affected by changes in cost, new technologies, social trends that will deflect buyer loyalty, and other environmental changes. Rivalry among existing competitors: In most industries, especially when there are only a few major competitors, competition will very closely match the offering of others. Aggressiveness will depend mainly on factors like number of competitors, industry growth, high fixed costs, lack of differentiation, capacity augmented in large increments, diversity in type of competitors and strategic importance of the business unit. Information Systems Competitive Advantage In order to be competitive, companies must have a degree of quickness, nimbleness, flexibility, innovativeness, productivity, thriftiness and customer centricity. It must also align its IS strategy with general business strategies and objectives. Given the five market forces mentioned above, Porter and others have proposed a number of strategies to attain competitive advantage: Low-Cost Leadership Information systems can be used achieve the lowest operational costs and the lowest prices. For instance, Wal-Mart has utilized IT to develop anefficient customer response systemthat directly links customer behaviour back to distribution, production, and supply chains. Product Differentiation Information systems can be used in the process of enabling new products and services, or significantly changing the customer convenience in the use of an existing products or services. Mass customization enables organizations to offer individually tailored products or services through the use of mass production resources. Focus on Market Niche Using information systems enables a firm to pinpoint a specific market focus, and thus allowing them to serve this narrow target market better than competitors. Information systems can support this strategy because it can be used to produce and analyze data for use in finely tuned sales and marketing techniques. Companies can now analyze customer buying patterns, tastes, and preferences closely so that they efficiently and effectively pitch advertising and marketing campaigns to smaller and smaller target markets. Strengthen Customer and Supplier Intimacy The use of information systems tightens linkages with suppliers and develops intimacy with customers. Switching costs increase when and where therere strong linkages between customers and suppliers (expense a customer or company incurs in lost time and expenditure of resources when changing from one supplier or system to a competing supplier or system). STRENGTHS OF THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL The model is a strong tool for competitive analysis at industry level, compared to PEST analysis It provides useful input for performing a SWOT Analysis LIMITATION OF PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Care should be taken when using this model for the following: do not underestimate or underemphasize the importance of the (existing) strengths of the organization (Inside-out strategy). The model was designed for analyzing individual business strategies. It does not cope with synergies and interdependencies within the portfolio of large corporations. From a more theoretical perspective, the model does not address the possibility that an industry could be attractive because certain companies are in it. Some people claim that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and radical change require more flexible, dynamic or emergent approaches to strategy formulation. Sometimes it may be possible to create completely new markets instead of selecting from existing ones.

Dr. Faustus Vs. Dorian Gray Essay -- essays research papers

Deals With the Devil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the books The Picture of Dorian Gray and Dr. Faustus, both protagonists are lured into the world of evil, but by different forces. Dorian Gray and Dr. Faustus both sell their souls to the devil. However, Dorian Gray deals with the devil unknowingly, and Dr. Faustus conjures the devil. After Dorian sells his soul, he becomes an immoral criminal, and even resorts to murder. After Dr. Faustus sells his soul, he lives frivolously and entertains himself through practical jokes. So who is more evil? An innocent young man corrupted by the ideas of another? Or, a man who is bored with the world, and seeking excitement calls upon the devil? Dorian Gray is clearly more evil, because even though both he and Faustus were corrupted by knowledge Dorian destroys peoples lives and commits felonies, whereas Faustus just does things for his own pleasure. The protagonists in these works are intellectuals. They read many books and have an immense amount of knowledge in many areas. Dr. Faustus knows everything about the material world and is dissatisfied with it. So, he becomes infatuated with the spiritual world. This is why he wants to sell his soul. His desire for knowledge overcomes his sensibility. Dorian Gray read many books about fields he was interested in like art. These books did not corrupt him; he was just thirsty for knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many other factors lead to the eventual downfall of both characters, ...

Oral Script About Titanic Essay

Good morning to my teacher and fellow friends. Today I want to talk about the sinking of Titanic. RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909-11 by the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast. Her passengers included some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as over a thousand emigrants from Britain,  Ireland,  Scandinavia  and elsewhere seeking a new life in North America. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. She also had a powerful wireless telegraph provided for the convenience of passengers as well as for operational use. Though she had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, she lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178  people – a third of her total passenger and crew capacity. After leaving Southampton, England on 10  April 1912,  Titanic  called at  France  and Ireland before heading westwards towards New York. On 14 April 1912, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40  pm. The glancing collision caused  Titanic’s hull plates to buckle inwards in a number of locations on her  starboard  side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea. Over the next two and a half hours, the ship gradually filled with water and sank. Passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partly filled. Just before 2:20  am  Titanic  broke up and sank bow-first with over a thousand people still on board. Those in the water died within minutes from  hypothermia  caused by immersion in the freezing ocean. The 710 survivors were taken aboard from the lifeboats by the  RMS Carpathia  a few hours later. The disaster was greeted with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it. Many of the survivors lost all of their money and possessions and were left destitute; many families, particularly those of crew members from Southampton, lost their primary bread-winners. They were helped by an outpouring of public sympathy and charitable donations. Some of the male survivors, notably the White Star Line’s chairman,  J.Bruce Ismay, were accused of cowardice for leaving the ship while people were still on board, and they faced social ostracism. The  wreck of the  Titanic  remains on the seabed, gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784  m). Since its rediscovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered from the sea bed and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic  has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory kept alive by numerous  books, films, exhibits and memorials. That’s all. Thank you.

Using the Spanish Verb Pensar

Using the Spanish Verb Pensar Pensar typically means to think, but it is not always used in the same way as the English verb. Most significantly, the words that follow pensar might not be the ones you would expect. Keep in mind that pensar is conjugated irregularly. When the stem pens- is stressed, it becomes piens-. Thus, the present indicative forms are pienso (I think), piensas (you think), piensa (he/she/you think), pensamos (we think), pensis (you think), piensan (they/you think). Here are the main uses of pensar: Using Pensar by Itself Most frequently, pensar, when used by itself, is the equivalent of to think. Pienso, luego existo. (I think, therefore I am.)No pienso mal de ellos. (I dont think bad of them.)El que piensa demasiado siente poco. (The one who thinks too much feels little.) Using Pensar Que Pensar que is a very common way of indicating opinions or beliefs. It often is translated appropriately as to believe rather than to think. In the positive form, it is followed by a verb in the indicative mood. Note that while que in this usage usually can be translated to English as that, it often can be left untranslated, as in third and fourth examples. Pienso que vivo como un cerdo. (I think that I live like a pig.)Mi madre piensa que el doctor es culpable. (My mother believes that the doctor is at fault.)No quiero pensar que me equivoquà ©. (I dont want to believe I made a mistake.)Tambià ©n pensbamos que la recuperacià ³n econà ³mica iba a ser ms rpida. (We also used to believe the economic recovery was going to be quicker.) When used negatively, no pensar que is followed in standard Spanish by a verb in the subjunctive mood. It is not unusual, however, to heard the indicative mood used in casual Spanish. No pienso que seamos diferentes. (I dont believe we are different.)No pensbamos que fueran a darnos problemas. (We didnt think they were going to give us any problems.)Mis amigos no piensan que yo tenga ms de 21 aà ±os. (My friends dont believe Im more than 21 years old.) Using Pensar De Pensar de is another way to say to have an opinion about. Esto es lo que pienso de tu regalo. (This is what I think about your gift.)Tenemos que cambiar de lo que pensamos de nosotros mismos. (We need to change what we think about ourselves.)Ya he indicado antes lo que pienso de la clase. (I have already indicated what I think about the class.)No es bueno preocuparse por lo que los otros piensan de usted. (It isnt good to worry yourself about what others think about about you.) Pensar sobre can also mean to have an opinion about, especially when used in a question. Pensar de is more common.  ¿Quà © piensas sobre la nueva web? (What do you think about the new web site?) ¿Quà © piensan sobre los ataques suicidas como instrumento tctico para ser utilizado en una guerra? (What do they think about suicide attacks as a tactical instrument to be used in a war?) Using Pensar En When followed by en, pensar typically means to think about in the sense of having ones thoughts focus on something. Note that this isnt the same as using to think about in the sense of having an opinion. Estoy pensando en ti. (Im thinking about you.)Pablo no piensa en los riesgos. (Paul doesnt think about the risks.)Las chicas sà ³lo piensan en divertirse. (The girls think only about having fun.)Nadie piensa en cambiar las baterà ­as. (Nobody thinks about changing the batteries.) Pensar sobre can mean basically the same thing as pensar en but is much less common and is probably overused by English speakers speaking Spanish as a second language or when translating from English to Spanish. Pienso sobre eso dà ­a y noche. (I think about it day and night.)Primero hacen y luego piensan sobre ello. (First they acted, and then they thought about it.) Following Pensar With an Infinitive When followed by an infinitive, pensar is used to indicate plans or intentions. Pensamos salir maà ±ana. (Were intending to leave tomorrow.)Yo pienso estudiar medicina de veterinaria en la universidad. (Im planning on studying veterinary medicine at the university.)Pensaron salir de Venezuela, pero decidieron permanecer. (The were planning to leave Venezuela, but they stayed.)

Examining Islam In Malaysia Religion Essays

Examining Islam In Malaysia Religion Essays Examining Islam In Malaysia Religion Essay Examining Islam In Malaysia Religion Essay Malaysia is modern Muslim state where more than half of its 26 million people have embrace Islam as their faith. Halal is an Islamic spiritual usher to how Muslims should populate their lives from the manner their nutrient is prepared to how their personal and societal relationships are conducted. In Malaysia Halal is a construct accepted by all, by both Muslims and non- Muslims. The bulk of concerns in Malaysia sells merchandises or offer services that are Halal endorsed. The Malaysia Halal Certification is globally respected. In our of all time progressive universe, it has become progressively disputing for Muslims to find whether the nutrient or drinks they consume are sacredly acceptable or Halal. This Halal and non-Halal job is non merely limited to nutrient and drink but besides to other merchandises and services. For Muslims life in a wholly Muslim state like Saudi Arabia, the Halal inquiry is non an issue at all. For those life in a multiracial Muslim state like Malaysia, although Halal nutrient or services are readily available and easy to obtain, there is a demand for the authorization to supervise and implement criterions to guarantee Halalness peculiarly when the merchandises or services are made, sold, prepared or provided by non-Muslims. However, the existent challenge is for Muslims life in a state whose population is preponderantly non-Muslims. Excess diligence is needed for these Muslims to bask everything Halal. Most contact is that there are about 1.9 billion Moslems in the universe who are consumers of Halal nutrients. As such the Halal nutrient market is the largest nutrient market in the universe. Among the Halal importation states are those which have one of the highest per capita incomes in the universe, have the fastest turning in-between categories in the universe, import a important proportion of their nutrient demands and have the highest rates of population growing in the universe. Malaysia will be developed International Halal Food Hub for monitoring and standardisation the Halal nutrient merchandise. The Halal enfranchisement will be gives if the nutrient ingredients are Halal. This enfranchisement of Malaysia Halal criterion are besides will be strengthened and sharply promoted internationally. HALAL BEEF PRODUCT Halal merchandises are fast deriving world-wide acknowledgment as a new benchmark for safety and quality confidence. Merchandises that are produced with Halal enfranchisement are readily acceptable by Muslim consumers every bit good as consumers from other faiths. This credence is due to the wholesomeness construct of Halal, which covers non merely the Shariah demand, but besides the hygiene, sanitation and safety facets. Halal enfranchisement is a powerful selling tool for both the Muslim and non-Muslim manufacturers, as there are an increasing consciousness on the portion of Muslim consumers all over the universe on their duty to devour Halal nutrient. The Arabic word ( Halal ) means lawful or permitted. In the Holy Quran, Allah commands Muslims and all of world to eat of the Halal things. Basically, Allah Al Mighty knows what is best for us to eat. And usually all the Halal nutrient are really clean and safe from any disease. But for non-Halal nutrient, you ever can happen some interesting facts associating to sickness. This undermentioned merchandises are decidedly Halal such as milk ( from cattles, sheep, camels, and caprine animals ) , honey, fish, workss which are non intoxicating, fresh or dried fruits, legumes A ; nuts like peanut, Anacardium occidentale nuts, Pomaderris apetala nuts, walnut, grain such as wheat, rice, rye, barley, and oat. Basically, all nutrient is Halal except meat from swine such as porc, jambon, pork-based merchandises and byproducts such as sausages and gelatin. Animals improperly slaughtered or already dead before slaughtering is due to take topographic point. Animals killed in the name of anyone other than Allah ( for illustration, by anyone other than a Jew, Christian or Muslim, or as portion of a heathen forfeit ) , alcohols, blood and blood byproducts, nutrients contaminated with any of the above merchandises. Most of the sweets use non-Halal Gelatin that comes from hogs. Focus about the beef, they are merely Halal if they are slaughtered harmonizing to Islamic Law. The processs that we must make at the beef are the carnal must be slaughtered by a Muslim. The animate being besides should be put down on the land or held it if it is little. The pharynx of the animate being must be sliced with a really crisp knife to do certain that the 3 chief blood vass are cut. While cutting the pharynx of the animate being ( without break uping it ) , the individual must articulate the name of Allah or declaim a approval which contains the name of Allah, such as Bismillahirahmannirrahim, Allah-u-Akbar . Islam prohibits the meat of animate beings that are slaughtered without declaiming the name of Allah and those that are slaughtered whilst articulating a name other than Allah. Mentioning the name of Allah during slaughter is really a manner of seeking permission from God for taking the life of the animate being for the exclusive intent of nutriment. The prohibition to declaim a name other than Allah during slaughter Acts of the Apostless as a precaution to a Muslim s religion. Islam is a faith which promotes monotheism and rejects any signifier of polytheism. Mentioning a name other than Allah is regarded as a polytheistic act, therefore such act is non allowable during slaughter. For more information, they lead the cow into an country, line its caput up with where the Piston comes out, and BAM! The cow is unconscious, hung by its mortise joints, and sent to where the slaughter takes topographic point. Sing domestic fowl, a common pattern is to render them unconscious by electrocuting them before slaughter. Butchering is to be done from the forepart of the cervix, between the pharynx and the caput of the chest bone ( Libba ) . The throat/oesophagus ( Mirree ) , windpipe/trachea ( Halkoom ) and the two jugular venas ( Wadijan ) are cut in the cervix without break uping the spinal cord. This cut severed the arterias to the encephalon of the animate being, therefore striping the encephalon of blood supply. As a consequence, the encephalon loses consciousness due to deficient O. This renders the animate being unconscious, doing the animate being the least sum of pain.A By contrast, the Islamic method of butchering does non let for animate beings to be killed in forepart of other animate beings. It requires an highly crisp blade and the fleet scratch of the major venas in the cervix to ease in a painless, speedy blood loss and decease. Before the slaughter takes topographic point, the animate being is examined for overall wellness. If the animate being is deemed unhealthy, it can non be slaughtered for nutrient. The animate being is slaughtered in such a manner that most of the blood exits the organic structure. The end is to butcher the animate being, restricting the sum of hurting the animate being will digest. DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT MALAYSIA ( JAKIM ) History In 1968, the Conference of Rulers Pakistan has decided that the demand for a organic structure to mobilise attempts for development and promotion of the Muslims in Malaysia, in line with Malaysia s position as an Islamic state that has strong international and universe attending. Acknowledging this, a secretariat to the National Council of Religious Affairs was established, to keep the pureness of religion and the instructions of Islam. Secretariat was later developed as the Religious Department of the Prime Minister who was subsequently promoted once more to the Islamic Affairs Department ( BAHEIS ) . On January 1, 1997, in line with the development and advancement of Islam in the state has stabilized, the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia ( JAKIM ) is established by the Malayan authorities took power and the function ( BAHEIS ) . FUNCTION OF JAKIM Formulation and standardisation of Islamic jurisprudence Formulate, reappraisal and amend Torahs for the standardisation of Islamic provinces. Streamline and standardise the Islamic jurisprudence throughout Pakistan. Act enacts Islamic jurisprudence and the federal districts. Enforcement of Islamic jurisprudence provinces Organizing the execution and conformity opinion. Coordination in the disposal of Islam Streamline the disposal of Islamic personal businesss and the provinces. Construct a strong Islamic idea among Muslims based on the retention of the Sunnah Wal Jamaah. Produce cells Islamic sermonizers and bookmans through preparation in developing establishments of Islam. Establishing benchmarks and patterns of Islam through the preparation of service criterions Hadhari Referral centres and consultative services associating to Islam authorities and private bureaus. Increasing coaction with the missional web non-governmental organic structures at national and international Strengthening endurance of Muslims in Sabah and Sarawak in educational, missional and social-economic Strengthening integrity among Muslims to the Ummah. To authorise the non-Muslim, autochthonal peoples and minority groups. Expand the plan and programs Islamic through wireless and telecasting Stationss. Expanding the plan elements of Islamic values and personality to cover with societal ailments. Coordination and development of Islamic instruction Developing a squad of experts in assorted Fieldss of Islamic cognition. Make Malaysia a hub for higher instruction and research al-Quran and al-hadith in regional and international degrees. Develop and organize the direction of the province spiritual school of Islamic instruction and Islamic schools. Develop and co-ordinate plans and categories al-Quran mass Ain ( Kafa ) in the current national instruction policy. Strengthening the function of establishments and plans prosperity mosque as a centre of scientific discipline and civilisation of the community development that involves all walks of life. WHY ISLAM FORBIDS PORK Pork is the most normally eaten signifiers of meat around the universe, there are over 100 million metric dozenss of porc is consumed throughout the universe. And porc can be served in different signifiers such as cooked or signifier of sausages. However, we know that Islam non eating porc but what is the ground they forbids porc. So now, we go to discourse about it. We know that nutrient and drink have a direct consequence on our wellness. That is why Islam prevents to unhealthy nutrient. Because they believe both physical and moral wellness are every bit of import for a healthy society. Therefore, the abstinence from eating porc is one of the stairss taken by Islam to pattern hygiene and to achieve pureness of psyche. To cultivate our inner modules, Islam insists upon the cleanliness of organic structure and the purification of psyche through Salaat ( supplications ) , Zikr ( recollection of Allah ) and other devotional responsibilities. Islam teaches us how to achieve the virtuousnesss and how to give up bad wonts because both good and bad grow in the adult male harmonizing to his upbringing, instruction and environment. A human being has natural desires: nutrient, slumber and sex being the three primary 1s. He has besides natural emotions: sorrow, felicity, love, fright, disgust and greed etc. Islam does nt urge the complete repeal of these urges but offers a method of commanding them through spiritual instruction and subject. The prohibition of eating porc in Islam is relevant in this context. There is a stating in English that a adult male becomes what he eats. Harmonizing to doctors and medical experts, porc is a harmful diet. Consumption of swine-flesh creates lowliness in character and destroys moral and religious modules in a adult male. Despite Islam allows Muslims to eat clean thing. However, in the ingestion of meat, Muslims are required to be selective and separate the Halal nutrients. Dr. E. Kazim. M.D, in his article Medical facets of out nutrients in Islam ( July 1981 issue of Muslim Journal ) has described diseases carried or caused by the flesh of swine. He writes: The hog is a scavenger. It is an omnivorous animate being. It eats everything. There are many diseases carried from swine to adult male, peculiarly parasite infestations. Recently extended research has been focused on senility-old age is characterized by indurating of interior liner of the blood vass of the bosom, encephalon etc. a procedure called coronary artery disease. When a coagulum signifiers, it consequences in coronary thrombosis or a bosom onslaught, intellectual thrombosis or shot. Dr. Glen Shepherd wrote the following on the dangers of eating porc in Washington Post ( 31 May 1952 ) : One in six people in USA and Canada have sources in their musculuss trichiniasis 8 from eating porc infected with Trichinella spiralis worms. Many people who are infected show no symptoms. Most of those, who do hold, retrieve easy. Some dice ; some are reduced to lasting shut-ins. All were careless porc caters. He continued: No 1 is immune from the disease and there is no remedy. Neither antibiotics nor drugs or vaccinums affect these bantam lifelessly worms. Preventing infection is the existent reply. After reading the statement of Dr. Shepherd, one can recognize that there is no existent warrant of safety when eating porc that one would non be affected by trichina worm. That is why modern physicians advise three prohibitions during unwellness: no spirits, no porc and no smoke. At the terminal we know that Muslim forbids porc because they respect their faith. They believe their GOD will care for them. But if they are under dearth, they still can eat porc to last, it s no wickedness. Decision At the terminal, we found that Halal nutrient have many benefits and that s why many people either Muslim or non Muslims, would wish to take Halal nutrient. Halal meat is good for nutrition and wellness. Merely healthy animate beings can be slaughtered. It is done by Moslems who are trusted and experienced. The meat itself will hold no blood coagulums within the veins-giving it a longer shelf life. Animals will be treated with clemency and regard and will be blessed with the name of God ( Allah ) prior to slaughter. Cultural and spiritual considerations are non the lone grounds why consumers are taking kosher- and Halal-certified nutrients. Many perceive the excess supervising implicit in the certified nutrients assures higher quality and safer nutrient merchandises. Harmonizing to Packaged Facts study, Market Trend: Kosher- and Halal-Certified Foods in the US , resonates with a similar study from Mintel released earlier this twelvemonth, which concluded that the bulk of US consumers who buy kosher nutrients do so for sensed quality and safety grounds, instead than for spiritual 1s, and there is no ground to presume things are any different in Australia and New Zealand. They study found that three in five people who buy kosher nutrient do so because they perceive it to be better quality, Halal nutrient besides have a batch of nutrition and they feel safe to eat it, and it free from any disease other that, handiness to acquire Halal nutrient is easier. The two most popular markets for Halal nutrient are South-East Asia and the Middle East. By traveling through the Halal enfranchisement procedure, nutrient processors will open up the possibility of extra patronage and frequently they will non even have to do alterations to their merchandise to acquire such enfranchisement. There are four stairss in processing of Halal nutrient that is: application, entry, treating enfranchisement and station enfranchisement. And what s the of import in the stairss of processing is certification attests that a product/service is suited for Muslims and finished merchandises which adhere to Halal fabrication processs carry a Halal symbol on the label. We know that all equipment used in the production of Halal nutrients must be free from taint with non-Halal points and comply with the necessary hygiene and sanitation demands. All ingredients must all be Halal as good. Favorable perceptual experiences Many consumers believe that Halal and kosher nutrient is produced under stricter supervising than is provided by authorities review and for many consumers the Halal and kosher symbols warrant that the nutrient is free of contaminations or disease and no preservatives added. The research indicated that more than half of consumers who purchased kosher merchandises did so because they considered them to be safer than merchandises non certified as kosher. Mintel s research has shown that kosher was the most often used claim on nutrient and drink merchandises launched in the US in 2008 which, as the Judaic population is non increasing, suggests that the turning involvement may be more to make with nutrient safety than faith. Aside from spiritual demands, kosher and Halal supervising adds another degree of quality control in reacting to the demands of the discerning consumer. Simply by adhering to the kosher and Halal demands and holding nutrients certified, processors will broaden their market.

Business plan for mobile convenience store Coursework

Business plan for mobile convenience store - Coursework Example However, due to its projected expansive nature, the business will cover regions such as Al Falah, Al Shamkha and Yas. The business will be expected to expand outside Abu Dhabi Emirate in future catering to embrace domestic customers. Mobile Baqala is a convenient retail store that provides merchandising business to retailers at convenience location without been required to go for long distances to find physical markets for goods and services that they need. The business is mainly designed to stock a variety of consumable items such as soft drinks eggs and milk amongst other products that are used by customers on a daily basis. It has been pointed out that most families experience difficulties in accessing basic commodities especially in areas such as Al shamka thus the need for such kind of a business. Apparently, majority of societal members have had problems in making their daily purchases of consumable items especially around Al Falah, Al Shamkha and Yas. As such, the population has agreed that such areas are of high suitability for the store and more perfect to stock a variety of both local and imported produce. Mobile Bagala is meant to operate as mobile store within the United Arab Emirates and some parts of Abu Dhabi as a grocery revolutionary storey that moves like a mobile unit in different locations. The business is planned to be unique in nature with effective and efficient design serving both local population and visitors. Having embraced a strategy to serve customers around the clock, the business is projected to achieve its objective as the future leading grocer in the United Arab Emirates serving the Arab population with a consistent supply of daily consumables. Besides, the business is designed with an initiative that would ensure consistency in supply of products to customers while creating job openings around its trading zones. Having engaged the

Protein structure and function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Protein structure and function - Essay Example nce is responsible for the activities of the different subunits, for example, the exonuclease and excision activities in DNA polymerase I of prokaryotes (Gilbert 2000). The alpha helices in DNA polymerase organize themselves in the form of coiled coils, which are bundles of alpha helices that form superhelices. Hydrogen bonds and Van der Waal forces of attraction play a significant role in the tertiary structure of DNA polymerase. This gives a 3-D appearance of a clamp. For example in Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli, DNA polymerases sustain nearness with nucleic acid templates by means of contact with sliding clamps, which enclose DNA thus connecting the polymerase and the substrate of the DNA (Argiriadi et al. 2006). DNA polymerase has several non-identical subunits depending on the type of organism in question. In eukaryotes, there are five different subunits namely alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon (Gilbert 2000). These subunits interact in the process of DNA replication with each subunit playing a distinct role. DNA polymerase also has several domains such as the zinc finger domain and the DNA binding domains. The zinc fingers comprise of interactions between sulphide, nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the neighbouring peptides with a zinc ion. These regions influence the function of DNA polymerase by enabling the binding of the enzyme to the template strand of DNA at the replication fork before the process of replication can commence (Styrer et al. 2002). Argiriadi, M. A., Goedken, E. R., Bruck, I., ODonnell, M., & Kuriyan, J 2006, â€Å"Crystal structure of a DNA polymerase sliding clamp from a Gram-positive bacterium,† BMC Structural Biology, vol.6 no. 2, pp.