National Action Plan NAP The Implementation Mechanism of Implantation Achievement and Failures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2079 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Failure Essay Did you like this example? Pakistan has been targeted of an intense layer of terrorism and bomb attacks for last 10 to 18 years. But it abruptly increases after 9/11. Bomb attacks on government and public institutions, military personals and line enforcement agencies and offices of various organizations and suicide bomb attacks had become order of the day. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "National Action Plan NAP: The Implementation Mechanism of Implantation Achievement and Failures" essay for you Create order Which compel the government to carry out military operation in various parts of the country operation Al-Mizan, operation Rah-e-Haq, operation Zalzala, operation black thunderstorm, operation Raah-e-Raast operation sher dil, operation Rah-e-Nijat, operation Koh-e-Safaid and operation Zarb-e-Azab, operation Khyber I and II (Karachi operation I and Karachi operation II) costing over $123 of billion. The terrorism layer not only suffered Pakistan economically but it also created a sense of disability, chaos, and fear and sense of Horror in the country among mob/ general masses, apart from law and order situation in the country. Pakistan is a country badly affected by acts of terrorism, threatening Pakistan’s law and order situation, human rights, damaging basic infrastructure and economic opportunities. And once Pakistan was about to be declined the most unsafe state in the world. Pakistan is facing the menace of terrorism, which is eroding the social structure, economic developments and political system. The immediate costs of terrorist acts are loss of human lives, destruction of property and infrastructure and depression of short-term economic activity apart from immense economic loss and economic pressure or burden on the country. This include war on terror launched by security forces in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) and federally administrated tribal area (FATA) having borders shaved with Afghanistan and resultant displacement of some three million people from their homes. As a part of this layer of terrorism, the terrorist attacked army public school on army run school at Peshawar killing over 140 innocent student, which were claimed by the terrorist outfit Tahreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (Taliban movement of Pakistan TTP) was ostensibly a game changer the heart rending and soul piercing Peshawar tragedy took place that much hyped political consensus against terrorism. There are some events in the history of nations when all segments of society, irrespective of their differences came together and unite for a common purpose. Same event was repeatedly happened in Pakistan when on 16th December the tragic massacre in Army Public School Peshawar brought the entire nation on one page. All the political parties, both from government and opposition benches, military leadership civil society and people at large from all walks of life expressed their design of wiping out terrorism from country once and for all. This unprecedented unity and national consensus is significant, because all stakeholders of the safe for the first time collectively declared terrorism in all etc. forms and manifestations including that organized on the basis of religion and sect as the principal national security threat to Pakistan. This bleak and grief attack crowned into mourn and sorrow not only Pakistani nation, but also the international community. It united the whole nation under single slogan toe rush and wiped out terrorism from the county all party’s conference was called in Peshawar, in which the civil, political and military leadership after a long consideration and discussion framed a mechanism to count terrorism. Although several operation as mentioned were underway in sere veal parts of the country, but there was no fixed and functioning mechanism, to counter terrorism hill date. So all the political parties and civil military leadership agreed upon a 20 points to counter terrorism. Which is called national action plan (NAP). 1. Methodology The research is mainly of descriptive nature as the main concern is to specifically examine the national action plan. I have used journals, article, magazines and newspaper’s for eh collection of data above mention source is called secondary data. Which is used for this research? 2. Title of the study My research title is national action plan the achievement and failure. 3. Research Questions Although the Pak army has conducted the numbers of military operations than why nation action plan needed. What we achieved because of national action plan. What we lost in national action plan. Tool of data collection This research is based on secondary sources e.g. newspaper, article book’s statistical bulletins. 1.2 Objectives To determine the need for NAP that why a mechanism like NAP became necessary in spite of many ongoing military operations. Were the military operations insufficient and ineffective? To determine what is NAP (National Action Plan) and what are its elements. To study the mechanism of implementation of NAP and institutions involved in its implementation. And also its expense or boundary. Scorecard of NAP (To study the effectiveness of NAP). What lop holes and Weaknesses were involved with its implementation and does it fail or succeeded in combating terrorism? What should have been done to make it effective and successful and what should be done to avoid such accidents in future. To study achievements and weakness in national action plan with an overview of what so far happen under NAP and what actions and steps are taken by concern authorities in pursuance of NAP. 1.3 Significance of the Study After the origin of national action plan the countries politics revolved around it. The Government of PML (N) became totally dependent on Army for its survival and Army got enormous power and authorities over various aspect and affairs of the state. The political parties and leaders alleged the government for limiting the national action plan into specific area and targeting certain specific political parties and people by using NAP, For some political parties and leaders NAP was a devised instrument for targeting political opponents of the government on the other side government totally negate it, and suppose it as an instrument to counter terrorism therefore its study and analysis is significant. It is important to know NAP and its elements, that what is NAP and what is it for?. The focus of my study is to know NAP and its elements in its basic form and its purpose. There is lack of consensus over the mechanism and target of NAP among the political parties and leaders. To study the effectiveness, ineffectiveness and achievements under NAP is of great importance to get the people out of ambiguity. The twenty points agenda as devised by the civilian and military leadership with in collaboration to each one in order to counter the terrorist activist been curbed action plan resultantly the terrorist a hack on Peshawar army public school. But since the national action plan had constituted or established, from that very time it has been criticized by defend circles belongs to various walks of life due to the some ups and down being found in mentionable assure thing (NAP). So, therefore the research paper as preened by the researcher held, and vied to critically evaluate and scrutinized it’s achievement has been made so far through this (NAP) by law enforcement agencies, and the flaws or chemists as raised in proposed plan had also highlighted that what extent the national action plan had proved effective or ineffective. To counter terrorism in the country and also the challenges as being faced by the various relevant state inabilities due to their such policy or strategy in order to formulate all-encompassing counter-terrorism policies to root-out effectively the extremism, radicalization and sectionalism. Janjua 2016 (A Critical Analysis and Evaluation of the NAP’s Pitfalls Say’s) Along with the few achievements as repaved throng the national action plan (NAP) by the also having some serious flaws and misters. Under the (NAP) and national and counter terrorism association (NACTA), the anti-terrorism institutions and has not achieved any major objectives since form the inception of (NACTA) no significant efforts have been made to achieve or make active the almost inactive (NATA) under the protection of the (NAP) (Janjua, 2016). Asad Ullah Khan (January 06-2017) (is NAP Really Working?) Civilian and military government stands as a sign of success and progress over past few years. The military has conducted many operations and tried their best to minimize the strength (number) of their cops/soldiers in the no go arrears successfully their performance can be estimated and gauged from the decrease of almost 50 parent in violence related casualties and accidents in Pakistan between 2012 and 2016. At the national level, these efforts have gained immense public support which clearly reflects, that Pakistani society is trying to come out of this mess. Last but not least, national action plan needs some revision / review not in terms of new policy options. But in terms of political will to implement the available options on ground. For serious implementation of all the twenty (20) points of the plan, these points must be subdivided into plans and directives for implementation, so that a tussle in institutions on implementation is avoided. Only military have power is not a final solution to curb the menace of violent extremism in Pakistan. There is an extremely serious and urgent need to establish a national narrative based upon a mix of hard and soft power known as smart power to stabilize the society, namely provide sustainable peace and progress to the terror-victim areas in long-term The Peshawar attack occurred amid a four-month political crisis, begin in mid-august 2014 in which the newly elected prime minister and serving chairman of Pakistan Tahreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party and the cleric political and leader of Pakistan Awami Tahreek Dr. Tahir ul- Qadri led large demonstrations demanding of former prime minister Nawaz Sharif’s resignation and parliaments dissolution because of the alleged and controversial election and were demanding for construction or formation of judicial commission to probe the election. Weakened by these the Pakistan Muslim league (Nawaz) PML-N government became more dependent on the other opposition parties (PPP, PML a and other) and coalition parties (QWP, JUI and other) and military for survival. The military’s almost complete control over national security and counter terrorism policy should be seen in the light of its continual encroachment into civillian off airs since restoration of democracy in 2008. (www.southasiancews.com, October 27, 2009.) The national action plan (NAP) prepared by the all parties conference in consolation with the military. The 16th December 2014 attack in Peshawar claimed by the Tehreek-e-Talban (TTP) was ostensibly a game changer. A week later, the Pakistan (Muslim league Nawaz) unveiled a new counter-terrorism strategy, the twenty point national action plan (NAP) with prime minister Nawaz Shairf and Army chief Raheel Sharif vowing to forget all terror groups without any distinction. Six months later and continued terror attacks, the NAP looks far more like a hostile conceived wish-list devised for public consumption during a moment of crisis than a coregent strategy. The meeting addresses the other tasks and responsibilities assigned down to the military and intelligence agencies and took decision regarding their implementation. The national action plan empowered the military the performing institution. The legal authority awarded to the military seriously undermines the judiciary this over stepping would be detrimental to the cause of both the institutions. Whereas there was the need that the actions plan, should have come-up with ideas to correct the delays in dispensation of justice, and the development of modalities and procedure to deal with corruption. After inaugurating the â€Å"NAP† on 24 December, the Sharif government implemented two major elements of the military without delay lifting the predecessor government’s 2008 moratorium on the death penalty, and passing on 6 January 2015 the 21st constitutional commandments empowering special military courts to dry all terrorists, and suspects, including civilians. Thus the military with immense powers started their action to implement â€Å"NAP† under the prescribed and described principles eradicating and exterminating all the hurdles and obstacles, which were posed in its path either from civilian government or from other groups, the military openly condemned the barriers and hurdles, even it alleged and criticized the government for so many times for planning hurdle in taking away â€Å"NAP† to its logical and to act upon it in its read soul. At the military’s reservation over National action plan since the NAP has been launched. NAP has been launched. As the attack on Army public school was a question mark lied on ongoing continued military operations in the same way despite the launch and swing of mechanism and set of actions against like national action plan another attack of the same type on Bacha Khan university Charsadda, and later on attack on Quetta hospital west creating an another question mark on national action plan (NaP) furthermore the bomb attack on a park in Lahore is another question mark lied on the implementation of NAP without any distention.

Manipulation in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray

Manipulation in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray I do not think that one person influences another, nor do I think there is any bad influence in the world, Oscar Wilde uttered when under trial (Hyde 353). Although this statement may be true, one of Wildes most famous works shows a great deal of the effects of people shaping one another, causing one to wonder about Wildes sincerity in that statement. The Picture of Dorian Gray shows variations on the existence and purposes of influence, displaying two types of personal influence: obvious manipulations such as that of Lord Henry upon Dorian and that of Dorian over Sybil Vane, and those that are more often overlooked such as the more subtle manipulation of Dorian over†¦show more content†¦Dorian is introduced to Lord Henry Wotton. Lord Henry Wotton seems at the beginning of the novel to be the most corrupting character in the book, being the catalyst of Dorian Gray?s change in character, or realization of true character. Wotton is a cynical character, and is somewhat of a hyp ocrite, as Hallward rightly says (paraphrasing Charles 2nds epigram), You never say a moral thing, and you never do a wrong thing (4). For all his talk, Lord Henry remains a married man who chooses a life as a spectator rather than a carouser (Miller 385). From the instant of their acquaintance, Lord Henry causes an instantaneous difference in Dorian. Lord Henry lives vicariously on the emotions and experiences of other people (Shewan 376). Lord Henry awakens in Dorian feelings and thoughts Dorian has never had before, and Dorian feels overcome with awe. When asked about his negative influence on people, Lord Henry says, There is no such thing as a good influence, Mr. Gray. All influence is immoral?Because to influence a person is to give him one?s own soul? (17). Dorian immediately develops an attachment to Lord Henry, one which Henry claims will be everlasting. Jeffrey Meyers explains, If Hallward is the masochistic creator of Dorian?s aesthetic glorification, Wotton (who manipula tes the vanity stimulated by the portrait) is the sadistic catalyst of his moral degeneration(372). In fact, Ted Spivey claims thatShow MoreRelatedThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1423 Words   |  6 Pagestrifling individuals. This reading of the quotation relates to Oscar Wilde’s book, The Picture of Dorian Gray, since the association of negative influences from individuals seems to be the downfall of Dorian Gray. Dorian Gray is a character that was misguided throughout his adulthood because of his surroundings and affiliation with individuals, which is the blame in his, loss of innocence. The presence of a witched portrait of Dorian, takes on his mischievous actions and the deteriorated appearanceRead MoreOscar Wilde s The Picture Of Dorian Gray1998 Words   |  8 PagesRackshana Sithirasenan Mr. Cimetta ENG4U1-01 24 November 2014 Dorian’s Pursuit Towards Hedonism Dorian Gray once told Henry The soul . . . can be bought, and sold. It can be poisoned, or made perfect (Wilde 213). Likewise, it would not be beneficial for one to sacrifice their soul with an exception of exchanging it in order to attain perfection. Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray explores the themes and ideologies of Hedonism and Aestheticism. Hedonists believe that pleasure is the mostRead MoreOscar Wide s The Picture Of Dorian Gray914 Words   |  4 PagesOscar Wide’s The Picture of Dorian Gray illustrates Basil Hallward’s portrait as a primary catalyst for the fluctuating personality of Dorian Gray. As Dorian gazes at the portrait of himself, he is upset that even though he will continue to age and wrinkle, the portrait will always remain young, beautiful and unaltered. Upon multiple readings of The Picture of Dorian Gray deconstructive textual analysis suggests that there are always new interpretations of the image of the painting. â€Å"UltimatelyRead MoreExamples Of Aestheticism In The Picture Of Dorian Gray1284 Words   |  6 PagesOscar Wilde was one of the most famous writers in the history of England. He lived in the 19th century and was one of the major contributors to the Aesthetic movement. He was a spokesperson for aestheticism. He tried his hand at various literary activities. He was an Irish playwright, novelist, essayist and poet. He refined his ideas about the importance of art in a series of dialogues and essays, and incorporated themes of duplicity, beauty and decadence. He incorporated all these vital characteristicsRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Self Discovery2522 Words   |  11 Pagesmez Dr. McCollister ENGL 3314 April 4, 2015 The Pursuit of Self-Discovery: A Psychoanalytic look at The Picture of Dorian Gray When one hears the title The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde a flash of Faustian images such as villains, tragedy, and worldly pleasures might come to mind. The reader might recall Lord Henry Wotton as the Mephistophelian presence of the novel, and his epigram that â€Å"All influence is immoral†¦because to influence a person is to give him one s own soul† (Wilde 19-20)

Practical Guide of Programmer Control System

Question: Discuss about the Practical Guide of Programmer Control System. Answer: Introduction The goals and objectives of a business can only be achieved by putting proper focus on the implementation of a strategy in order to attain competitive advantage over other businesses. Nowadays, customers access the services provided by businesses anytime, anywhere with the help of internet enabled activities. The increased number of users accessing the same service subsequently results in the slowing down of the servers and data centers because high-end computers cannot always accommodate such increased number of users (Thampi, et. al., 2012). After a point, peak overload is reached which need to be handled significantly. In order to handle the issue, the upgradation of computers is required continuously such that the users and system are not disrupted by the upgrade. Autonomous hardware systems are made through the use of architecture for working as a single unit for upgradation of systems. This architecture is often termed as distributed system (Electrical Technology, 2017). It is a system with the help of which single function is performed by multiple computers. In this architecture, different machines handle a single program which is further subdivided into different parts. The problems are solved by the way of establishing communication between the machines and therefore networking is the key to this architecture. The way in which services are distributed from a central source is known as client-server architecture and can also be regarded as the basis of distributed computer systems. The service is provided by a single server and communication is established with the server by multiple clients for consuming its products. Different jobs are allocated to clients and servers in this architecture. The service requests from clients are responded by the server as a part of its job while the data provided in response is utilized for performing the tasks as a part of clients job. This assignment focuses on the implementation of client server application in java language for an electronics company. Administrator and employees will be the users of this system. Problem The problem comprises of the requirement to develop an application in which the server receives the request of the clients and accomplish them on clients behalf. On the other hand, the client performs the tasks of handling customer queries, logging customers, viewing gadget related information along with making required changes in gadget- price entities and calculating costs (Duke Computer Science, 2017). An additional function related to the change and update of customer details will be added for allowing the users to change their login details. Therefore, a solution is created in the form of execution of client/server application. Suggested Solution The solution will comprise of the implementation of client/server application which will perform the programs functions but will be managed by separate parts: The Client- Menu system will be displayed by this part that represents the functions that the system executes. The function will be selected by the user on the basis of menu and the same will be forwarded to the system (Career Bless, 2017). The Server- The client requests are received by this part of application along with the messages of clients for determining the selected function. After this, execution of the function takes place along with communication of its status to the client (Calvert Donahoo, 2011). The application will be developed with the help of Java programming language using Netbeans 7.4 Integrated Development Environment (IDE) tool. Socket connected communication will be implemented by this program (Live Code, 2017).The architecture used to organize the system is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Architecture of Distributed Computer System Design Flowchart of system A flowchart represents the flow of various situations and decisions in a system with the help of shapes and symbols (Alison, 2017). The main processes of the flowchart are server and client. The processing of requests is shown to be a part of server while the client allows user to choose a number shown by the menu system for providing additional inputs to be processed by server. Figure 2 Flowchart of Gadgets Service Engine application Sequence Diagram Sequence diagrams are helpful for representing the changing aspects of object- oriented designs and denote the manner in which objects interaction take place in a system with the help of time sequence ranging from top to bottom. Such diagrams are helpful for representing the dynamics (Smart Draw, 2017). Activity Diagram Activity diagrams are helpful in the creation of models of processes which represent the working of things in a business environment. It performs the function of assisting the workflow in a less intellectual mode (Source Making, 2017). Input and Output Design of GSE The programs design is centered on two main processes that are performed at the same time. The sequence of passing messages comprises the operations which are utilized as inputs and outputs. Socket is utilized by both the processes using same number (Saternos, 2014). The main interacting processes are following: Server- This process includes processing of request from the client in message form. The message comprise of a string which includes the following: Menu Number - from 1 to 7 based on the selection. Data- the data comprises either of the string or a sequence of strings joined by hyphen (-). Data forwarded by server and client will then analyze the individual array elements when it faces an encounter with hyphen. Client- The display of the menu system along with the options numbered from 1 to 7 marks the start of the process (Proctor, 2017). The requirements of the problem statement are the basis of these options. The details of the process are as follows: Selection of the number from 1 to 7 is made by the user from the menu displayed. The sequence of additional data along with the number is forwarded to the server in the form of string message as follows: "1-"+GSECustID+"-"+GSECustPassword "2-" "3-"+strGadgetCode+"-"+strGadgetName+"-"+strGadgetPrice "4-"+strDelGadgetCode "5-"+strUpdateGadgetCode+"-"+GadgetCode+"-"+GadgetName+"-"+GadgetPrice "6-"+updGSECustID+"-"+newGSECustID+"-"+newGSECustPassword+"-"+newGSECustName "7-"+strBuyGadgetCode+"-"+GadgetQuantity Server sends a message with one of the following reply: Error message Results of the process After the proper execution of the options process and the display of the message on the clients end, the user is given an option to continue or exit. Program Testing This part represents the screenshots taken from programs execution. The requirements of the problem statement are tested for compliance with the help of menu options and execution of the program (School of Informatics. 2017). References Alison. 2017. What is a System Flowchart?, [Online]. Available at: https://alison.com/topic/learn/44675/what-is-a-system-flowchart [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Calvert, K. L. and Donahoo, M. J. 2011. TCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for Programmers, Morgan Kaufmann. Career Bless. 2017. Java Program to Send a Message from Client to Server and Receive a Response Back Using Socket Programming, [Online]. Available at: https://www.careerbless.com/samplecodes/java/beginners/socket/SocketBasic1.php [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Duke Computer Science. 2017. Sockets and Client/Server Communication, [Online]. Available at: https://users.cs.duke.edu/~chase/cps196/slides/sockets.pdf [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Electrical Technology. 2017. What is Distributed Control System (DCS)?, [Online]. Available at: https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2016/08/distributed-control-system-dcs.html [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Live Code. 2017. How to communicate with other applications using sockets, [Online]. Available at: https://lessons.livecode.com/m/4071/l/12924-how-to-communicate-with-other-applications-using-sockets [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Proctor, R. 2017. Sockets: Basic Client-Server Programming in Java - By Rick Proctor, [Online]. Available at: https://edn.embarcadero.com/article/31995 [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Saternos, C. 2014. Client-Server Web Apps with JavaScript and Java: Rich, Scalable, and RESTful. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". School of Informatics. 2017. A Theory of Program Testing - A Grand Challenge for Computer Science?, [Online]. Available at: https://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/dts/funding/testing.html [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Smart Draw. 2017. Sequence Diagram, [Online]. Available at: https://www.smartdraw.com/sequence-diagram/ [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Source Making. 2017. Activity Diagrams, [Online]. Available at: https://sourcemaking.com/uml/modeling-business-systems/external-view/activity-diagrams [Accessed on: 3 January 2017]. Thampi, S. M., Zomaya, A. Y., Strufe, T., Calero, J. M. A. and Thomas, T. 2012. Recent Trends in Computer Networks and Distributed Systems Security. Springer.

Neil Postman Responses Essay Example

Neil Postman Responses Paper Part I On page 11, Postman quotes Niels Bohr as saying, The opposite of a correct statement is an incorrect statement, but the opposite of a profound truth is another profound truth. What does this statement mean? Do you agree with it? Why or why not? Opposition creates two points of view and provides a stronger meaning for both sides. A correct statement, â€Å"I like ice cream,† is opposed by the incorrect statement, â€Å"I don’t like ice cream. If I only observe the correct statement, I have no reason to justify my liking of ice cream, but if I am challenged with the incorrect statement, I am forced to consider why I like ice cream—I like it because it’s cold, sweet, and creamy. A profound truth, deep and unyielding, cannot be proven false; therefore, the opposition to it can only be another profound truth that acts as any opposition would, creating another point of view that provides a force to clarify or strengthen both truths. When one can find greater clarity in opposing truths, it allows one to gain perspective to widen and justify one’s own beliefs. I agree with Postman’s claim, â€Å"it is better to have access to more than one profound truth†¦to hold comfortably in one’s mind the validity and usefulness of two contradictory truths is the source of tolerance, openness, and most important, a sense of humor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1996, p. 11). I consider Economic Utility, a profound truth that defines the purpose of education to â€Å"prepare children for competent entry into the economic life of a community† (Postman, 1996, p. 27). To oppose it, I consider the profound truth of Consumership that defines the purpose of education to provide students with the means to acquire goods. What does the former mean without the latter? It means simply that students should have jobs when they finish school. What does the latter mean, without the former? It means simply that students should be able to purchase goods when they finish school. When I considered both in opposition, Economic Utility became more about contributing to the productivity of the community, being able to provide the goods and services necessary for the well being of family and neighbors. We will write a custom essay sample on Neil Postman Responses specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Neil Postman Responses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Neil Postman Responses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consumership became more about individuals consuming goods for the sake of independent wealth. â€Å"The similarity between this god [of Consumership] and the god of Economic Utility is obvious. † (Postman, 1996, p. 33). First glance reveals this much, but observing the opposition of the profound truths, reveals much more of the truth in each of them. I would agree with Bohr’s statement because I value the opportunity to observe differences in points of view, and to explore meanings beyond face-value. It is the recognition of another profound truth as the opposition to another that allows me to do this. If I accept a profound truth only because I’m told that it is a profound truth, I have not gained any perspective to make that profound truth worth following. Opposing it is the only way to create meaning in it for me. Part II Later on that page, Postman states, Nevertheless, it is undoubtedly better to have one profound truth, one god, one narrative, than to have none. Postman admits that all gods are flawed. Why is it better to have a flawed god than no god at all? I would analogize Postman’s view of a flawed god to being dropped in a forest with nothing but a compass. The compass is minimal, and hardly useful without a map. It doesn’t tell you where you are, where you came from, or where you’re going. It is flawed in many ways, especially if we hold it to the standard to which we have grown accustomed—the GPS device. Despite its flaws, the compass is a resource, something that provides orientation and ensures that the wanderer isn’t merely traveling in endless circles. While a compass can’t promise that the wanderer won’t be lost, it still affords him a sense of direction by which he may somehow choose a path to lead him out of the forest. Without orientation, North, South, East and West have no meaning. Without a god, right and wrong, good and bad, love and hate have no meaning. When faced with a choice or decision, we weigh the options with a sense of what our god expects and are able to align the outcomes with the goals we seek. Not having a god generates internal conflict whereby any decisions made would be arbitrary, void of meaning, or irrelevant. Even if a narrative places one in hell, it is better to be there than to be nowhere. To be nowhere means to live in a barren culture, one that offers no vision of the past or future, no clear voice of authority, no organizing principles. † (Postman, 1996, p. 12). Gods are necessary to give us reason and purpose for doing what we do. While a flawed god may sometimes have us confus ed or misguided, we can still count on that god to have at least created enough meaning in our lives to give us the ability to re-organize or find a new god. Consider a hypothetical story: If I were following the god of Science and were to discover its flaw in that too many of its progressions were made by accident, I may be at a loss for what my purpose is if scientific discovery occurs as often by chance as it does by decisive action. How is Science to guide my choices if every choice is just as likely as it is not to move me forward? I am not completely lost if I discover this flaw and abandon the god of Science, for the god of Science has already shown me that, even if discovered by accident, there is reason for why things are. Up until now, I have aligned my decisions with the path of discovering reason, but that past can still orient me on a new path, should I choose a new god to follow, say The Spaceship Earth. The Spaceship Earth god leads me to consider how my actions affect the planet. However, I would know very little about how those actions affect the well-being of the planet had I not known any of the scientific reasons for the current state of the planet. Despite the flaws in the god of Science, I was able to find reason and purpose in a new god because of my orientation with the god of Science. I could still have adopted a new god without having a former god, but the point to make is that even if the god chosen to follow is flawed, it still serves to create an origin and give us a sense of direction for our future. Therefore, it is better to have a flawed god than to have no god at all. Part III Postman describes several false gods. Technology is one of them. Why does Postman believe that technology is a god? What is flawed about the technology god? Can the technology god still be a god that serves? Why or why not? Be sure to think about the difference between a god that serves and something that serves but is not a god. A god is a story that â€Å"tells of origins and envisions a future, a story that constructs ideals, prescribes rules of conduct, provides a source of authority, and above all, gives a sense of continuity and purpose. † (Postman, 1996, p. 5). Having spawned from the Science god, the story of our origins would be shared as â€Å"Probably an accident† (Postman, 1996, p. 9). Of our future, the god of Technology suggests that our â€Å"Our destiny is to replace ourselves with machines† (Postman, 1996, p. 0). Postman believes that those who follow the path of the technology god â€Å"must shape their needs and aspirations to the possibilities of technology. † (1996, p. 10). With this statement, he assigns authority to the god of technology. These represent just a few of the ways that Postman defines technology as a god. The god of Technology is flawed be cause as it has come to be, the god of Technology has primarily served us with an influx of information, but has given us little purpose for the information acquired. Technology seems to have only increased the rate at which information is sent and received, but has not given us much use for the information. Technology has served us â€Å"the radio and the Victrola†¦16-millimeter film†¦closed-circuit television, then 8-millimeter film, then teacher-proof textbooks. Now computers. † (Postman, 1996, p. 50). It was at one point thought that these developing technologies would one day replace teachers, and that vision may have been realized if it were ever the purpose of schools to simply disseminate information. Postman reminds us of the more important functions of our schools—teaching socialization, responsibility, and civility. He emphasizes that the nature of computers places students in isolation, the exact opposite of the environment that we envisioned for our schools. The technology god cannot be a â€Å"god that serves,† for it doesn’t serve us with reason and purpose. Though we may let our lives revolve around technology, we don’t let it dictate matters of true value. Instead, we use it as a tool to assist us in making decisions that are served by other gods. I would deem technology as something that serves but is not a â€Å"god. As Postman restates Alan Kay’s sentiments, â€Å"any problems the schools cannot solve without computers, they cannot solve with them. † (1996, p. 45). If Technology were a god to serve, it would lead us with greater direction and provide us with deeper insight to solve the problems we face. Instead it serves us wi th the means to acquire the information we need to solve our problems. The technology itself doesn’t orient us toward the decisions that have to be made—technology is just a tool to serve us. Part IV How would Postman classify the difference between a flawed god and a false god? Do you agree with the distinction that Postman makes? Why or why not? A flawed god could be any god, as Postman remarks, â€Å"all gods are imperfect† (1996, p. 11). A false god is one that guides its believers toward an unjustified end. It has its followers driven by a common belief in a goal that is not certain to be realized. The primary difference is that a flawed god can provide means that direct one toward a justified end, while a false god provides means that lead to a dead end. I understand Postman’s subtle distinction between flawed and false gods, but don’t agree that the two are worth distinguishing. Postman makes little distinction between the two, but despite the differences he does point out, I don’t see the rationale in making a point to distinguish the two. In either case, they both have the potential to serve us in some way or another. If all gods are flawed, and even if some are false, being able to identify any god for one’s own sake is worthwhile in creating meaning in one’s endeavors. Whether flawed or false, the determination that a god inspires has the capacity to set its followers in an â€Å"auto-drive† mentality that blinds them from the flaws or falsehoods that may be observed by others. While a bystander might be able to perceive the bumps along the path or the void at the end of the path, the followers who have committed themselves to the god will be so determined as to not notice what’s wrong until further down the path. Regardless, people will find direction and motivation. Even if followers fall upon the misgivings of their gods, the result is not necessarily tragic, as discussed above in Part II. After all, it is better to have a god, flawed or false, than to have none at all. Resources Postman, Neil. (1996). The End of Education: Redefining the Value of School. Vintage Books, New York, NY.

Young Goodman Brown Symbolism Essays (1423 words) -

Young Goodman Brown Symbolism Nathaniel Hawthorne is a nineteenth-century American writer of the Romantic Movement. Hawthorne was born is Salem, Massachusetts, and this is the place he used as the setting for some of his works: such as ?The Scarlett Letter?, ?the Blithedale Romance? and ?Young Goodman Brown?. In writing, Hawthorne was known for his use of allegory and symbolism, which made his stories a joy for everyone to read. Hawthorne was said to be the first American writer who was conscious of the failure of modern man to realize his full capacity for moral growth. His stories contain much about the life he knew as a child being brought up in a Puritan society. As Hawthorne's writing continued it was filled with the same amount of sin and evil as his first writings. Evil that was revealed through his works. ?Young Goodman Brown? was said to be one of the best stories ever written by Hawthorne (Adams70). ?The Marble Faun: and ?the Scarlett Letter were some of the other stories written by Hawthorne, and they were said to be ?Young Goodman Brown? grown older. In this selection there is a question of maturity for Goodman Brown and whether he is good or evil. There is also a transition from childishness to adolescence to maturity. This short story in particular has a feeling of adultery, betrayal, and deception as in some of his other works. It was said by Richard P. Adams that ?young Goodman Brown? was a germ for nearly all his best work that followed (Adams 71). The use of symbolism in ?young Goodman Brown? shows that evil is everywhere, which becomes evident in the conclusion of this short story. Hawthorne's works are filled with symbolic elements and allegorical elements. ?Young Goodman Brown? deals mostly with conventional allegorical elements, such as Young Goodman Brown and Faith. In writing his short stories or novels he based their depiction of sin on the fact that he feels like his father and grandfather committed great sins. There are two main characters in this short story, Faith and Young Goodman Brown. ?Young Goodman Brown is everyman seventeenth-century New England the title as usual giving the clue. He is the son of the Old Adam, and recently wedded to Faith. We must note that every word is significant in the opening sentence: ?Young Goodman Brown came forth at sunset into the street of Sale, Village; but put his head back, after crossing the threshold, to exchange a parting kiss with his young w2ife. ?She begs him to ?put off his journey until sunrise,' but he declares he cannot?. [It] should not escape us that she tries to stop him because she is a similar compulsion to go on a journey' herself-?She talks dreams, too, ?Young Goodman Brown reflects as he leaves her. The journey each must take alone, in dread, at night, is the journey away form home and the community from conscious, everyday social life, to the wilderness where the hidden self satisfies or forces us to realize its subconscious fears and prompting in sleep. We take that journey with him into the awful forest. Noting the difference between the town and the forest. We see Hawthorne using the Puritan association of trees and animals. When Young Goodman associates returns to Salem Village, his eyes are opened to the true nature of his fellowmen, that is human nature; he inescapably knows that what he suspected of himself is true of all men? Hawthorne has made a dramatic poem of the Calvinist experience in New England. The unfailing tact with which the experience is evoked subjectively in the more impressive concrete terms, is a subordinate proof of genius. I should prefer to stress the wonderful I control of local and total rhythm, which never falters of stackers, and rises from the quest but impressive opening to its poetic climax in the superb and moving finale. Hawthorne has imaginatively recreated for the reader that Calvinist sense of sin, that theory did in actuality shape the early social and spiritual history of New England. But in Hawthorne by a wonderful feat of translation, it has no religious significance; it is as a psychological state that it explored. Young Goodman Brown's faith in human beings, and losing it he is doomed to isolation forever (Peabody 331).? Young Goodman Brown is the main character and the protagonist, and Faith Brown, his wife is said to be one of the antagonists in this selection. Young Goodman Brown is a husband of three months and is still said

Software Engineering Essay

Software Engineering Essay Software Engineering Essay ORACLE ADF tutorial: Open a new application workspace. [pic] Change the application template to Web Application (Default).This allows us to specify the technology used in the application to simplify and personalize the environment according to the technology preferences. [pic] [pic] Open a Business Component diagram. [pic] [pic] Establish a connection to the Database and then select any two tables. In this case I have selected Departments and Employees tables. [pic] Drag and drop of database tables onto a UML diagram can be used to create different types of objects with the same user experience. [pic] This will generate the business component diagram with the relationships indicated in it. Select all and then right click. [pic] Now select Default Data Model Components which are business components that collect data and present it to the client. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Open page flow editor which allows you to visually and declaratively define the flow of application. This can also be done by right clicking on the ViewController. Drag and drop a Data Page from the component palette onto the screen. [pic] Double click on the DataPage1 and then select dataPage1.uix to open a new UIX page. [pic] [pic] Now open the data controls and double click on AppDataModuleControl and do the following steps. All previously created business services are exposed in the Data Control

Germany Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Germany Project - Essay Example Stories like Binjamin Wilkomirski's Fragments are accepted with no proof. In fact, to question a survivor story is to risk the case of being called anti-Semitic. Finkelstein has pointed out that today's society wants to be victims. Whether a Jew, African American, Native American, homosexual, woman, or other minority groups, people want to belong to a victim group. While Finkelstein did intensive research, his use of imagery and outlandish words make this story a little less credible. If he would have stuck to just the facts, Finkelstein might have gotten his point across better. Finkelstein points out that real history is being ignored in favor of an exaggerated glorified account that exploits the true Jewish suffering in the 'Nazi holocaust'. When first approaching this book, many readers might think Finkelstein is being anti-Semitic. However Finkelstein raises some good points. His main point is the Nazi holocaust happened. It is a historical event. The Nazis committed crimes agai nst humanity. Finkelstein acknowledges that the Nazi holocaust was wrong, but he wants the world to sympathize will all suffers not just the Jews of the Nazi holocaust. His point is war and atrocities have happened since the beginning of man and still occur. All of these atrocities are horrible; the Nazi holocaust is not any less horrible, but not more horrible than any other atrocity. By using the Holocaust as beacon to rally people to the Jewish cause dishonors the victims and survivors. He explains: The claims of Holocaust uniqueness are intellectually barren and morally discreditable, yet they persist. The question is, Why? In the first place, unique suffering confers unique entitlement. The unique evil of the Holocaust, according to Jacob Neusner, not only sets Jews apart from others, but also gives Jews a "claim upon those others." (Finkelstein 25) All human suffering should be sympathized with, not just the suffering during the Nazi holocaust. This is not to lessen or dismiss the Nazi holocaust, only to put it in proper perspective. Finkelstein suggests after World War II no one in America, or around the world cared about the Nazi holocaust. Some historians theorize that Jews did not want to talk or share about their horrible experience. Finkelstein dismisses this theory. He believes that no one wanted to know or think about it, especially in America. Finkelstein explains: The standard explanation is that Jews were traumatized by the Nazi holocaust and therefore repressed the memory of it. In fact, there is no evidence to support this conclusion. No doubt some survivors did not then or, for that matter, in later years want to speak about what had happened. Many others, however, very much wanted to speak and, once the occasion availed itself, wouldn't stop speaking. The problem was that Americans didn't want to listen. (Finkelstein 9) Even American Jews did not want to listen. After the war everyone wanted to forget about the atrocities of World War II. The Allies had won. It was a time for victory, not time to remember how many Jews had died. The Holocaust Industry began after the United States started backing Israel as part of US Foreign Policy. When Israel fought the War of Independence America cautiously backed the Arabs due to the oil in the region. It did not look like Israel would survive. However after Israel not only won, but doubled their land size, the US started

The management challenges posed by the emergence of e-commerce Essay

The management challenges posed by the emergence of e-commerce - Essay Example Some of the most common examples are as follows: online buying, selling or investing; share business; electronic marketplaces like www.amazon.com or online auctions like www.ebay.com; e-bookstores and e-grocers; web-based reservation systems and ticket purchasing; electronic data interchange or marketing email and message postings on web-logs; music and video downloads; online discussion boards and learning facilities; open source projects; online banking or the electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, etc. Today, as each one of us knows technology is breaking through geographical barriers and distance, integrating the whole world into an interconnected village. The term global village is a commonly used metaphor to describe the mass media particularly the Internet and World Wide Web. This is only possible because of the inter-connectivity which is brought about by e-commerce. The Internet globalises communication by providing opportunity to people from around the world to connect with each other. Likewise, web-connected computers enable people to link their web sites together (Answers.com, 2008). An innovative medium of Internet has connected the whole world very closely. A person in America writes a mail and in less than a minute it reaches to someone in China. Similarly chats and web cam has made it possible to see people on the other side of the world and talk as if you were sitting next to each other (Sanchania, 2005). It took only a few years for these technological innovations spread across the world. Anyone having access to internet can communicate, shop, and even use internet banking system. The new world of internet provides information on anything to anyone who has access to a computer and a telephone. People can see each other, chat and talk as if they are physically present. As far as communication and the dissemination of information is

Emergency department bottleneck proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency department bottleneck proposal - Essay Example The causes of the problem are two fold. The first is that the inflow of patients into the ED is not evenly spaced throughout the day and occurs as a rush during fours in the late evening and night. No plan can be created for changing the pattern of inflow of patients into the ED, as they occur as naturally. The second is that during the peak flow of patients into the ED, the services that are required to provide support for the ED in the provision of timely and quality care are functioning at their minimal ability, since they are in the after-hours mode. This is the cause that the sigma team to address in overcoming the problem. Practical barriers to receiving quality care in an ED is dependent on two key factors of access to service at the ED and the availability of the services required support services either in the ED or immediately accessible (Rust et al, 2008). Overcoming these barriers to quality service calls for consideration of the types of patients and the emergencies and the resources at the ED (Frush, 2007). The essential problem in quality care in an ED is the mismatch in the demand and supply of resources at the ED. From the perspective of the patient seamless provision of care from the time of arrival at the ED is the quality of service expected. The first step is this direction is preventing diversion of ambulances to the ED, which will reduce the overcrowding at the ED (Stokowski, 2007). The next step consists in organizing the ED into three separate areas to attend to areas to attend to medical problems, surgical problems and Urgent care area for triaging of patients. Staffing of the ED is the next issue. Since the ED peaks between 6.00 pm and 10.00 pm specialist services in the required different branches of medicine will be available. In addition the number of interns or residents at the ED will peak during this period of

Social Exchange Theory

Social Exchange Theory Social Exchange Theory is a perspective of the field of social psychology and sociology to explain social change and stability, representing them as a process of negotiated exchanges between people. Social exchange theory can be described as the theory, according to which, human interaction is a unique transaction, which seeks to increase the rewards and to reduce the costs. The social exchange theory advocates that all human relationships are formed by using a cost-benefit analysis and comparison with alternatives.ÂÂ  For example, when a person perceives the costs of a relationship over the profits made, the person, according to this theory, leaves the relationship.ÂÂ  This theory has its roots in economics, psychology and sociology. The social exchange theory is linked to the rational choice theory and structuralism, its major features. Exchange theory arose as a reaction to functionalism, which focused on the impact of a phenomenon on the system.ÂÂ  This is not a single theory, but rather the band theory, describing the social world as a system of exchanges of goods (tangible and intangible) between individuals and social groups.ÂÂ  Social exchange theorists see every interaction as a transaction something for something.ÂÂ  It is like a theory of individual self-interest.ÂÂ  If a person takes any action, it does so with the prospect of benefit for himself.ÂÂ  Often it is the intangible benefit, such as respect from others, obedience, satisfaction, etc. Social exchange theory is a theory in social science which states that there are elements in social relations without discipline, sacrifice, and benefits that affect each other. This theory explains how humans view their relationships with others in accordance with the assumption of human self is to: the balance between what is given to the relationship and what is excluded from that relationship. There is no unified sociology of exchange, but one can distinguish three main theoretical points of theories. Taking the example of the mutual exchange of between the bride and groom, so this could be either a civil contract between two different-actors to the mutual exclusive use of their bodies, or a mutually donated sacrament, by which ChristianityÂÂ  continues, or view as an institutional and thus pacification a driver or will form. Exchange of individuals.ÂÂ  Sociological theorists think consider the assumption that individuals always act when exchanged (individualistic, paired, antagonistic perspective).ÂÂ  No matter what they share in a particular case, there are always sociological social sanctions.ÂÂ  As positive sanctions, for example, congratulations or goods, but as negative there are insults or threats.ÂÂ  Often in the exchange theory only positive or ambivalent sanctions are treated, but include more general approaches and negative sanctions. In the distribution of conflict the actors face each other with conflicting interests. The one advantage is the other drawback: any one tried if it goes to positive sanctions, and spend as little as possible from the opponent to gain as much as possible.ÂÂ  In economics, this strategy, which it called only for positive sanctions (such as goods for money in markets), is the minimax principle.ÂÂ  And also, if people have antagonistic re lations and negative social sanctions (for example acts of violence against violence, such as in war) taken into account, the exchange ends here trying to minimize its losses and maximize the opponent. Considering the criticism, critical is pointed out that this is based on Homans and Blau, Exchange Theory as a variant or mutation of the behaviorism. It had become a rational choice model, and this methodological simplification was achieved at a price, as compared toÂÂ  classical and other approaches in sociology would be neglected by extra-economic motivations, norms and institutions and their history in general. Durkheim or Mauss expected to behave in exchange for all social collectives (community, systemic view).ÂÂ  Controlled by the exchange, the consideration to the group received the actors (mostly positive) from each other sanction.ÂÂ  The players share a common interest in the welfare of the collective, which is the individuals self-interest.ÂÂ  Each exchange includes the end and always a compromise in favor of the collective, even as a loyal member of a community and even with regard to his own advantage.ÂÂ  The Collective is always with a person, which is reflected in valid rituals (for example the handshake) or norms (such as the Commercial Law) that express stability.ÂÂ  Because of that, all exchange behavior is also spoken of as amphibole exchange. The theorist Clausen considers one of some forms of exchange that, in addition to the nature of man involves him into it with acting. Here, the parties conduct an exchange so that the survival of the human speci es will be encouraged to nature and other species.ÂÂ  So it is not only a sociological but also the anthropological institution.ÂÂ  This refers in particular to reproduction, child care and fighting prowess.ÂÂ  The most common example is the dyad between infant and caregiver time (usually, but not necessarily the mother), is expected to result that in the both the exchange is biologically supported and the happier they are, the better it is for others. Exchange theory by Homans. According to George Homans, the social behavior is an exchange of material goods, and it is also intangible, such as the symbols of approval and prestige. Homans, George tried to explain the behavior defined in the broadest sense as a result of interaction in which individuals acquire, sell, or share resources. He tried to explain social behavior using fundamental concepts of behavior, developed by behavioral psychologists, and neoclassical economists.ÂÂ  Behavioral model of operant conditioning is based on the utilitarian principle that individuals will seek to maximize enjoying and to avoid or minimize the pain.ÂÂ  It is assumed that individuals will respond as expected to reward and punishment.ÂÂ  Any interaction provides an opportunity to share resources, in which each party tries to get resources, with a higher value in comparison with that which he or she gives or which refuses. All social organizations were created on the basis of the network exchanges.ÂÂ  The organization needs the unit to be fulfilled by other bodies belonging to this organization.ÂÂ  Homans has developed five general provisions relating to social behavior and resource sharing.ÂÂ  Three of them reproduce the model of behavioral psychologists. The first statement directly follows from the model of operant conditioning, and says: In respect of any acts performed by people, the more often a person is rewarded for a particular action, the more that person will perform this action.ÂÂ  The second situation is linked to recognition of the role of past experience: In the past, the emergence of a particular stimulus or set of incentives has created a situation in which human action is rewarded, the more the present-day incentives are similar to those past stimuli, the more that person will perform the same or similar toÂÂ  his action in the present.ÂÂ  However, the third provision states that for their actions when a person does not receive the expected rewards or receive unexpected penalty, he goes berserk and can behave aggressively.He created a series of allegations, among them are the claim of success, the assertion of deprivation and that there is saturation of aggression. These statements are a part of seven and, according to crowning this list is the assertion of rationality, which says that the body of the two alternative measures will choose the one which gives the most likely results to achieve greater benefits. The basic proposition is: success: the more action the individual is rewarded with, the more likely it is to take this action. the stimulus: if the past occurrence of a specific stimulus or combination of stimuli was a circumstance, in which individual action has been rewarded, the more likely it is that the unit would take this or a similar effect. value: the more the action is for the individual securities, the more likely that it will be demonstrated this action. -saturation of deprivation: the more frequently in the recent past, the unit received a particular prize, the less valuable it becomes for each additional unit of the award. frustration-aggression: If the unit does not bring action to obtain a reward or punishment received by the entity, which they did not expect, it will react with anger, and anger aggressive behavior results will have a reward value. Exchange Theory by Peter Blau. Peter Blau introduced the analysis of exchange, which processes the term marginal utility, which says that the more the expected rewards entity obtains from a particular act, the less valuable this action is, and the less likely it will be.ÂÂ  The idea is that if in a result of the exercise we get some action on the awards, you will have less value, which will be a new round of the award.ÂÂ  Another concept introduced by Blau is the concept of standards for fair exchange, which indicates what should be the ratio of rewards to costs in the exchange relationship.ÂÂ  If these standards are shaken, then the injured party may disclose to aggressive behavior. Blau concept differs from the concept of Homans that provides conflict situations. Balance in one relationship, which is impaired by homeostasis seen in another.ÂÂ  Blau has another concept, which is social attraction that is the perception of opportunities for reward.ÂÂ  This is according to sociologist factor, necessary for the existence of the exchange ratio, which is based on the belief that people who give awards, in turn, you will receive the award as payment for the goods delivered.ÂÂ  There are four types (classes): the prize money, social acceptance, respect (deference) and submission.ÂÂ  Of these, the greatest value is the submission, then the respect, acceptance, and the least appropriate reward in the relations of social exchange is money. Submission is the most valuable prize because for Blau it is inherent in the relationship of power, and this in turn gives a possibility of denying rewards to those who do not want to comply with the standards.ÂÂ  Power is born when the value of services exceeds the value of services received in return.ÂÂ  If people have to choose only one or a few alternative sources of awards, then it also comes to forcing submission.ÂÂ  This is further facilitated if people are not giving to the possibility to use the coercion and opposition to a person providing services.ÂÂ  Inability to work around without data prizes also affects positively the opportunity to force the submission by the person in possession of these awards. Exchange in social psychology. Social psychology also speaks about human relations as relations of exchange. These systems are based on the so-called rule of reciprocity, under which we are committed to the future for favors, gifts, invitations and the goods that we have received.ÂÂ  According to social psychologists one of the important principles is governing the human investigation.ÂÂ  This commitment to the rematch probably exists in all human societies.ÂÂ  Researchers say that this rule has developed in order to encourage people to contact, based on mutual exchange of services without fear of giving something to another, and we lose it forever.ÂÂ  Another form of this rule is called reciprocal concessions, namely: if someone goes to hand us, we do it to him, too.ÂÂ  Thus we can safely take the first step to someone, as he will be obliged to give us a similar sacrifice.ÂÂ  This rule is valid according to social psychologists and it is an effective r egulator of social relations. The emergence of social exchange theory. In general, the social exchange theory consists of social relations rather than public. The societies have viewed the behavior influence of each other in the relationship; there are also elements of discipline, of sacrifice and gain that reflect social exchange.ÂÂ  The reward is all that through the sacrifice, when the sacrifice can be avoided, and the benefit is reduced by the rewards of sacrifice.ÂÂ  So the social behavior of the exchange at least between two people is based on the cost-benefit calculations.ÂÂ  For example, patterns of behavior in the workplace, romance, marriage and friendship. Analogy from the case, at some point people can feel in any of their friends, who, usually, are always trying to get something from you.ÂÂ  At that time you always give what a friend needs from you, but the opposite is actually happening when you need something from your friends.ÂÂ  Each individual course has a goal to be fri ends with each other.ÂÂ  These individuals would be expected to do something for others, help each other if needed, and provide mutual support.ÂÂ  However, maintaining friendly relations also requires the costs, such as the lost time and energy and other activities.ÂÂ  Although these costs are not seen as something that is expensive or burdensome when viewed from the point of reward obtained from these friendships.ÂÂ  However, these costs should be considered if we are to objectively analyze the relationships that exist in a friendly transaction.ÂÂ  If the cost seems not in accordance with the compensation, what happens is the uneasy feeling of a person who feels that the benefits received were too low compared to the cost or sacrifice that has been given. An analysis of the social relationships that occur according to the cost and reward is one characteristic of the exchange theory.ÂÂ  This exchange theory has focused on micro-level analysis, particularly at the interpersonal level of social reality.ÂÂ  In this discussion the focus will be on the notion of exchange theory by Homans and Blau.ÂÂ  Homans in his analysis insisted on the necessity to use the principles of individual psychology to explain social behavior rather than merely describing it. But Blau, on the other hand, was trying to move from the level of interpersonal exchanges at the micro level to the macro level of social structure.ÂÂ  He attempted to show how larger are the social structures that emerged from the basic exchange processes. Unlike the analysis described by the theory of symbolic interaction, exchange theory was mainly seen as the real behavior, not the processes that are purely subjective.ÂÂ  This was also adopted by Homans and Blau, who were not focused on the subjective level of consciousness or reciprocal relationships between the levels of dynamic interaction of subjective.ÂÂ  Homans further argued that scientific explanations should be focused on real behavior and then can be observed and measured empirically. The process of social exchange has also been expressed by the classical sociologists.ÂÂ  As expressed in the classical economic theory of the 18th and 19th century, the economists like Adam Smith have analyzed the economic market as a result of a comprehensive collection from a number of individual economic transactions.ÂÂ  He assumes that transactions will happen only if both parties can gain from these exchanges, and welfare of the community in general can be very well s ecured when the individuals are left to pursue personal interests through negotiated exchanges in private. Conflicts of individualistic and social exchange in collectivism. Conflict that occurs is a result of the growing contradiction between the individualistic orientation and collectivism.ÂÂ  Homans is probably someone who was very stressed on an individualistic approach to the development of social theory.ÂÂ  This is certainly different from the explanation that the Levi-Strauss, a collectivist, in issues especially regarding to marriage and kinship patterns. Levi-Strauss is an anthropologist who comes from France. He developed a theoretical perspective of social exchange on the practice of marriage and kinship system of primitive societies. A general pattern of analysis is when a man marries his mothers daughter.ÂÂ  A pattern that happens is that people rarely marry the daughter of his fathers brother. This latter pattern was analyzed further by Bronislaw Malinowski, who advanced by the exchange of nonmaterial. In explaining this, Levi-Strauss distinguishes two exchange systems, which include restricted and generalized exchange.ÂÂ  In restricted exchange, members of the dyad groups are directly involved in the exchange transaction, each member of the couple give each other a personal basis.ÂÂ  And in the generalized exchange, members of a group of triads or even larger accept something other than a dyad who gives something useful. In these exchanges the impact is on the integration and solidarity groups are inÂÂ  a more effective manner.ÂÂ  The main purpose of this exchange process is not to allow couples who are involved in an exchange to meet the needs of individualization. An analysis of marriage and kinship behavior is a criticism of Sir James Frazers explanation of a British expert who studies the economic anthropology on patterns of exchange that occurs between mating pairs in primitive society. The theory of exchange today does not represent a single school of thought.ÂÂ  Strictly speaking, there are several theories that share a common position that human interaction is a process of exchange.ÂÂ  In addition, each of them has their own views on human nature, society and social science. Theories of exchange have been and still are often criticized for the lack of freshness, the evidence of certain statements, ignoring the existence of a forced situation.ÂÂ  Most can be found with the view that this point of view narrows the social life and relations between people only to the physical assets. As a fact, social forms of exchange are perceived differently and communicated, as a sociological and anthropological analysis would be expected to.ÂÂ  As the question of justice, including equivalence of an exchange is directed according to dominant values, or it is judged differently from the representatives of warring values. Social exchange theory Social exchange theory Main dependent factor(s): Value and utility: profit, rewards, approval, status, reputation, flexibility, and trust Main independent factor(s): Exchange relation, dependency, and power Summary of theory Social exchange theory was formed by the intersection of economics, psychology and sociology. The theory was developed to understand the social behaviour of humans in economic undertakings, according to the theorys initiator Hormans (1958). There is a fundamental difference between the two the theories: economic exchange and social exchange theories, which is the way in which the actors are seen. Exchange theory views actors (persons or a firm) as dealing not with another actor but with a market (Emerson, 1987, P.11), reacting to various market characteristics; while social exchange theory sees the exchange relationship between specific actors as actions contingent on rewarding reactions from others. (Blau, 1964, P.91) Nowadays, various forms of social exchange theory exist, but all of them possess the same driving force which essentially is the same central concept of actors exchanging resources via a social exchange relationship. Where social exchange (e.g., Ax; By) is the intentional transfer of resources (x, y ) between several actors (A, B) (Cook, 1977). A network model (Cook, 1977) with market properties (Emerson, 1987) is the evolved form of the theory which previously was a dyadic model. The core of the theory is best captured in Homanss own words (1958, P.606) Social behaviour is an exchange of goods, material goods but also non-material ones, such as the symbols of approval or prestige. Persons that give much to others try to get much from them, and persons that get much from others are under pressure to give much to them. This process of influence tends to work out at equilibrium to a balance in the exchanges. For a person in an exchange, what he gives may be a cost to him, just as what he gets may be a reward, and his behaviour changes less as the difference of the two, profit, tends to a maximum.In conclusion, social exchange theory is best understood as a framework for explicating movement of resources, in imperfect market conditions, between dyads or a network via a social process (Emerson, 1987). Agency Theory or Principal-Agent Problem Key dependent factor(s) Efficiency, alignment of interests, risk sharing, successful contracting Key independent factor(s) Information asymmetry, contract, moral hazard, trust Summary of Theory In economics, the principal-agent dilemma treats the technical hitches that come up under conditions of unfinished and asymmetric information when a principal hires an agent. A variety of mechanisms could possibly be used in an attempt to align the interests of the agent with those of the principal, for instance piece rates/commissions, profit sharing, efficiency wages, the agent posting a bond, or fear of firing. The principal-agent problem is seen in the majority of employer/employee relationships. Agency theory is focussed at the ever-present agency relationship, which basically is: one party (the principal) entrusts work to another (the agent), who carries out that work. The resolution of the two problems in an agency relationship that can occur is the primary concern of agency theory. Firstly, is the agency problem which surfaces when (a) the desires or goals of the principal and agent conflict and (b) its difficult or expensive for the principal to authenticate what the agent is actually doing. The predicament here is the principal cant confirm that the agent has behaved fittingly. Secondly, is the problem of risk sharing that arises when the principal and agent have dissimilar attitudes towards the risk. The problem at this point is that the principal and the agent may fancy different actions since they have different risk preferences. Relationship between theory and Information Systems Agency theory sees the firm as a nexus of contracts amongst interested individuals. The owner employs agents (employees) to execute work on his/her behalf and delegates some decision-making power to the agents. Agents must be under constant supervision and management; this stems the introduction of management costs. As firms grow consequently management costs rise. Information technology minimises agency costs by providing information without difficulty so that managers can oversee a larger number of people with fewer resources. Simply, technological changes support the agency theory, which enables managers to supervise more employees at a reduced cost. Technology in general, and information systems particularly, save companies lots of money by reducing the number of managers needed to oversee larger numbers of workers. Transaction Cost Theory or Transaction cost economics Main dependent factor(s) Governance structure, degree of outsourcing, outsourcing success, inter-organizational coordination and collaboration Main independent factor(s) Coordination costs, transaction risk (opportunity costs), coordination costs, operational risk, opportunism risk, asset specificity, uncertainty, trust Summary of Theory In the field of economics and its related disciplines, a transaction cost is a cost incurred while making an economic exchange. A variety of transaction costs exist, for instance, search and information costs are the costs incurred in determining if a required good is available on the market, who has the lowest price, etc The costs required to achieve a satisfactory agreement with the other party to the transaction, drawing up an suitable contract, etc., is known as the bargaining cost. Policing and enforcement costs are costs that make sure the other party abide the terms of the contract, and taking appropriate action (regularly through the legal system) if this turns out not to be the case. Transaction costs consist of costs incurred in the process of looking for the best supplier/partner/customer, the cost of drawing-up a supposedly air-tight contract, and the costs of monitoring and enforcing the carrying out of the contract. Transaction cost theorists state that the total cost incurred by a firm can be grouped basically into two components: transaction costs and production costs. Transaction costs, which are often referred to as coordination costs, are the costs of all the information processing necessary to coordinate the work of people and machines that perform the primary processes, whereas production costs comprise the costs incurred from the physical or other primary processes necessary to create and distribute the goods or services being produced. Relationship between theory and Information Systems Transaction cost theory is based on the notion that a firm incurs transaction costs when the firm buys on the marketplace in comparison to making products for itself. Traditionally, in an attempt to reduce transaction costs firms wouldve gotten bigger, hired more employees, integrated vertically and horizontally, and wouldve taken over small-company. IT helps firms reduce the cost of market participation (transaction costs) and helps firms minimise their size while producing the same or even greater amount of output. In simplified terms, transaction cost theory supports the idea that assistance or through the help of technology businesses can minimize their costs of processing transactions with the same emphasis and enthusiasm that they attempt to minimize their production costs. Frameworks Traditionally, the Chief Information Officer (CIO)s job description entailed ensuring that the Business Strategy and Information Systems strategy were aligned. Successful information technology/business alignment, however, entails more than executive level communication and strategy translation. Achieving alignment is usually done by establishing a set of well-planned process improvement programs that systematically tackle obstacles and go further than executive level conversation to filter through the entire IT organization and their culture. IT/Business Alignment Cycle A generally used methodology is the IT/Business Alignment Cycle, which introduces a straightforward framework that the IT organization can take on to manage a broad range of activities. The cycles four phases are: plan, model, manage, and measure. Organization-wide shared expectations between business and IT managers are fostered utilizing this cycle, and a universal framework is defined for a wide-range of activities that jointly serve to align IT and business objectives. Within the cycle the best practices and common processes within and between IT functional groups are identified which makes IT/business alignment sustainable and scalable. When integrated and automated with software applications and monitoring tools the framework functions optimally. Plan Phase: In this phase business objectives are translated into quantifiable IT services. This phase aids in closing the gap between what business managers need and expect and what IT can deliver. Giga Research reports that IT leaders in poorly aligned organizations are still trying to elucidate technology management issues to their business colleagues and havent made that leap to comprehending business issues and communicating with them on a business-minded level. To bridge the gap between what business expects and what IT can deliver, IT must have an ongoing dialogue to elucidate business needs in business terms. Without any ongoing dialogue, its difficult for IT to determine which IT services to offer or how to efficiently allot IT resources to maximize business value. Also, when business needs change, IT ought to adjust and modify the service offering and IT resources fittingly. CIOs should consent the use of a regimented service level management process that will lead to agreement on precise IT services and service levels required to support business objectives. IT management can then translate service definitions and service levels into fundamental rules and priorities that empower and guide IT resources. Lastly, IT needs a method to measure and track both business level services and the underlying capabilities that support the services. Model Phase: An infrastructure should be designed to optimize business value. The model phase pinpoints resources needed to deliver IT services at dedicated service levels. This phase involves mapping IT assets, processes, and resources back to IT services, then prioritizing and planning resources that support those business critical services. The bottom line in measuring the triumph of an alignment is the extent in which IT is working on the things which business managers care about. This implies that IT must have processes in place for prioritizing projects, tasks, and support. To effectively prioritize resources, IT needs a service impact model and a centralized configuration and asset management repository to connect the infrastructure components back to particular IT services. This amalgamation is vital if IT is to efficiently plan, prioritize, and constantly deliver services at agreed-upon service levels while also minimising costs. Manage Phase: Results should be driven through fused service support. The manage phase permits the IT staff to deliver pledged levels of service. Assurance from the CIO that the organization meets expectations by providing a single location for business users to submit all service requests and by prioritizing those requests based on pre-defined business precedence. Without a single point-of-service request, it isnt easy to manage resources to achieve agreed-upon service levels. Furthermore, lacking a system for effectively managing the IT infrastructure and all changes, the IT staff is faced with the danger of causing failures. In order for the IT staff to ensure the effectiveness of the service desk they need to provide: A technique for prioritizing service requests based on business impact. A well-organized change management process to reduce the risk of negatively affecting service level commitments. An IT event management system to monitor and manage components that support business critical services. The basic operational metrics that enable service delivery at promised levels, in addition to the means for measuring and tracking the advancement of service level commitments using these metrics. Measure Phase: Involves the verification of commitments coupled with improvement of operations. Cross-organization visibility into operations and service level commitments is improved in this phase. Conventional IT management tools operate in functional silos which confines data collection and operational metrics to focused areas of functionality, relating more to technology than to business objectives. Component-level metrics and measures are definitely essential for continuing service availability. Nevertheless, to support real-time resource allotment decisions, these measures must be construed in a broader business context, with the inclusion of their connections to business-critical services. Without a business context for construing measures and metrics, isolated functional groups cant get a holistic view of IT services that sustain business objectives. By committing to the cycle and integrating and automating activities using software solutions, its possible to align a whole organization to make logical improvements that prevail over obstacles. Competitive Forces Model Porters competitive forces and strategies is one of the popular and effective models for formulating a strategy. After studying a number of business organizations, Michael E. Porter proposed that mangers can formulate a strategy that makes an organization achieve a higher level of profitability and reduce vulnerability if they understand five forces in the industry environment. Porter found the following forces determine a companys position vis-ÃÆ'Â  -vis competitors in the industry: The rivalry among existing competitors The threat of new entrants The threat of substitute products and services The bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of suppliers Porters framework (competitive forces model) has long been acknowledged as a valuable tool for business people to utilize when thinking about business strategy and the impact of IT. Porters framework illustrates why some firms do better than others and how they gain competitive advantage. It also analyzes a business and identifies its strategic advantages, as well as, demonstrating how entrepreneurs can develop strategic advantages for their own business. And lastly, it shows information systems contribute to strategic advantages. The threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrants to an industry can create pressure for established organizations, which might need to hold down prices of increase their level of investment. The threat of entry from in an industry depends largely on the amount and extent of potential barriers, such as cost. The power of suppliers: Large, powerful suppliers can charge higher prices, limit services of quality, and shift costs to their customers, keeping more of the value for themselves. The concentration of suppliers and availability of substitute suppliers are significant factors in determining supplier power. The power of buyers: Powerful customers, the flip side of powerful suppliers, can force prices down, demand better quality or services, and hence drive up costs for the supplying organization. The threat of substitutes: The power of alternatives and substitutes for a companys product or service maybe affected by changes in cost, new technologies, social trends that will deflect buyer loyalty, and other environmental changes. Rivalry among existing competitors: In most industries, especially when there are only a few major competitors, competition will very closely match the offering of others. Aggressiveness will depend mainly on factors like number of competitors, industry growth, high fixed costs, lack of differentiation, capacity augmented in large increments, diversity in type of competitors and strategic importance of the business unit. Information Systems Competitive Advantage In order to be competitive, companies must have a degree of quickness, nimbleness, flexibility, innovativeness, productivity, thriftiness and customer centricity. It must also align its IS strategy with general business strategies and objectives. Given the five market forces mentioned above, Porter and others have proposed a number of strategies to attain competitive advantage: Low-Cost Leadership Information systems can be used achieve the lowest operational costs and the lowest prices. For instance, Wal-Mart has utilized IT to develop anefficient customer response systemthat directly links customer behaviour back to distribution, production, and supply chains. Product Differentiation Information systems can be used in the process of enabling new products and services, or significantly changing the customer convenience in the use of an existing products or services. Mass customization enables organizations to offer individually tailored products or services through the use of mass production resources. Focus on Market Niche Using information systems enables a firm to pinpoint a specific market focus, and thus allowing them to serve this narrow target market better than competitors. Information systems can support this strategy because it can be used to produce and analyze data for use in finely tuned sales and marketing techniques. Companies can now analyze customer buying patterns, tastes, and preferences closely so that they efficiently and effectively pitch advertising and marketing campaigns to smaller and smaller target markets. Strengthen Customer and Supplier Intimacy The use of information systems tightens linkages with suppliers and develops intimacy with customers. Switching costs increase when and where therere strong linkages between customers and suppliers (expense a customer or company incurs in lost time and expenditure of resources when changing from one supplier or system to a competing supplier or system). STRENGTHS OF THE FIVE COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL The model is a strong tool for competitive analysis at industry level, compared to PEST analysis It provides useful input for performing a SWOT Analysis LIMITATION OF PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL Care should be taken when using this model for the following: do not underestimate or underemphasize the importance of the (existing) strengths of the organization (Inside-out strategy). The model was designed for analyzing individual business strategies. It does not cope with synergies and interdependencies within the portfolio of large corporations. From a more theoretical perspective, the model does not address the possibility that an industry could be attractive because certain companies are in it. Some people claim that environments which are characterized by rapid, systemic and radical change require more flexible, dynamic or emergent approaches to strategy formulation. Sometimes it may be possible to create completely new markets instead of selecting from existing ones.

Dr. Faustus Vs. Dorian Gray Essay -- essays research papers

Deals With the Devil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the books The Picture of Dorian Gray and Dr. Faustus, both protagonists are lured into the world of evil, but by different forces. Dorian Gray and Dr. Faustus both sell their souls to the devil. However, Dorian Gray deals with the devil unknowingly, and Dr. Faustus conjures the devil. After Dorian sells his soul, he becomes an immoral criminal, and even resorts to murder. After Dr. Faustus sells his soul, he lives frivolously and entertains himself through practical jokes. So who is more evil? An innocent young man corrupted by the ideas of another? Or, a man who is bored with the world, and seeking excitement calls upon the devil? Dorian Gray is clearly more evil, because even though both he and Faustus were corrupted by knowledge Dorian destroys peoples lives and commits felonies, whereas Faustus just does things for his own pleasure. The protagonists in these works are intellectuals. They read many books and have an immense amount of knowledge in many areas. Dr. Faustus knows everything about the material world and is dissatisfied with it. So, he becomes infatuated with the spiritual world. This is why he wants to sell his soul. His desire for knowledge overcomes his sensibility. Dorian Gray read many books about fields he was interested in like art. These books did not corrupt him; he was just thirsty for knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many other factors lead to the eventual downfall of both characters, ...

Oral Script About Titanic Essay

Good morning to my teacher and fellow friends. Today I want to talk about the sinking of Titanic. RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909-11 by the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast. Her passengers included some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as over a thousand emigrants from Britain,  Ireland,  Scandinavia  and elsewhere seeking a new life in North America. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. She also had a powerful wireless telegraph provided for the convenience of passengers as well as for operational use. Though she had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, she lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178  people – a third of her total passenger and crew capacity. After leaving Southampton, England on 10  April 1912,  Titanic  called at  France  and Ireland before heading westwards towards New York. On 14 April 1912, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, she hit an iceberg at 11:40  pm. The glancing collision caused  Titanic’s hull plates to buckle inwards in a number of locations on her  starboard  side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea. Over the next two and a half hours, the ship gradually filled with water and sank. Passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partly filled. Just before 2:20  am  Titanic  broke up and sank bow-first with over a thousand people still on board. Those in the water died within minutes from  hypothermia  caused by immersion in the freezing ocean. The 710 survivors were taken aboard from the lifeboats by the  RMS Carpathia  a few hours later. The disaster was greeted with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it. Many of the survivors lost all of their money and possessions and were left destitute; many families, particularly those of crew members from Southampton, lost their primary bread-winners. They were helped by an outpouring of public sympathy and charitable donations. Some of the male survivors, notably the White Star Line’s chairman,  J.Bruce Ismay, were accused of cowardice for leaving the ship while people were still on board, and they faced social ostracism. The  wreck of the  Titanic  remains on the seabed, gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784  m). Since its rediscovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered from the sea bed and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic  has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory kept alive by numerous  books, films, exhibits and memorials. That’s all. Thank you.

Using the Spanish Verb Pensar

Using the Spanish Verb Pensar Pensar typically means to think, but it is not always used in the same way as the English verb. Most significantly, the words that follow pensar might not be the ones you would expect. Keep in mind that pensar is conjugated irregularly. When the stem pens- is stressed, it becomes piens-. Thus, the present indicative forms are pienso (I think), piensas (you think), piensa (he/she/you think), pensamos (we think), pensis (you think), piensan (they/you think). Here are the main uses of pensar: Using Pensar by Itself Most frequently, pensar, when used by itself, is the equivalent of to think. Pienso, luego existo. (I think, therefore I am.)No pienso mal de ellos. (I dont think bad of them.)El que piensa demasiado siente poco. (The one who thinks too much feels little.) Using Pensar Que Pensar que is a very common way of indicating opinions or beliefs. It often is translated appropriately as to believe rather than to think. In the positive form, it is followed by a verb in the indicative mood. Note that while que in this usage usually can be translated to English as that, it often can be left untranslated, as in third and fourth examples. Pienso que vivo como un cerdo. (I think that I live like a pig.)Mi madre piensa que el doctor es culpable. (My mother believes that the doctor is at fault.)No quiero pensar que me equivoquà ©. (I dont want to believe I made a mistake.)Tambià ©n pensbamos que la recuperacià ³n econà ³mica iba a ser ms rpida. (We also used to believe the economic recovery was going to be quicker.) When used negatively, no pensar que is followed in standard Spanish by a verb in the subjunctive mood. It is not unusual, however, to heard the indicative mood used in casual Spanish. No pienso que seamos diferentes. (I dont believe we are different.)No pensbamos que fueran a darnos problemas. (We didnt think they were going to give us any problems.)Mis amigos no piensan que yo tenga ms de 21 aà ±os. (My friends dont believe Im more than 21 years old.) Using Pensar De Pensar de is another way to say to have an opinion about. Esto es lo que pienso de tu regalo. (This is what I think about your gift.)Tenemos que cambiar de lo que pensamos de nosotros mismos. (We need to change what we think about ourselves.)Ya he indicado antes lo que pienso de la clase. (I have already indicated what I think about the class.)No es bueno preocuparse por lo que los otros piensan de usted. (It isnt good to worry yourself about what others think about about you.) Pensar sobre can also mean to have an opinion about, especially when used in a question. Pensar de is more common.  ¿Quà © piensas sobre la nueva web? (What do you think about the new web site?) ¿Quà © piensan sobre los ataques suicidas como instrumento tctico para ser utilizado en una guerra? (What do they think about suicide attacks as a tactical instrument to be used in a war?) Using Pensar En When followed by en, pensar typically means to think about in the sense of having ones thoughts focus on something. Note that this isnt the same as using to think about in the sense of having an opinion. Estoy pensando en ti. (Im thinking about you.)Pablo no piensa en los riesgos. (Paul doesnt think about the risks.)Las chicas sà ³lo piensan en divertirse. (The girls think only about having fun.)Nadie piensa en cambiar las baterà ­as. (Nobody thinks about changing the batteries.) Pensar sobre can mean basically the same thing as pensar en but is much less common and is probably overused by English speakers speaking Spanish as a second language or when translating from English to Spanish. Pienso sobre eso dà ­a y noche. (I think about it day and night.)Primero hacen y luego piensan sobre ello. (First they acted, and then they thought about it.) Following Pensar With an Infinitive When followed by an infinitive, pensar is used to indicate plans or intentions. Pensamos salir maà ±ana. (Were intending to leave tomorrow.)Yo pienso estudiar medicina de veterinaria en la universidad. (Im planning on studying veterinary medicine at the university.)Pensaron salir de Venezuela, pero decidieron permanecer. (The were planning to leave Venezuela, but they stayed.)